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< ul class = "crumbs" > < li > < a href = "../index.html" > Home< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "../compiler.html" > Services< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "index.html" > linguistics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "index.html#3" > Chapter 3: VP Categories< / a > < / li > < li > < b > Adverbs of Certainty< / b > < / li > < / ul > < / div >
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< p class = "purpose" > Adverbs such as "usually" or "initially".< / p >
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< p class = "commentary firstcommentary" > < a id = "SP1" class = "paragraph-anchor" > < / a > < b > § 1. < / b > Inform uses the following scale to measure how certain it is that something
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is true:
< / p >
< pre class = "definitions code-font" > < span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > IMPOSSIBLE_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > -2< / span >
< span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > UNLIKELY_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > -1< / span >
< span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > UNKNOWN_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > 0< / span >
< span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > LIKELY_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > 1< / span >
< span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > CERTAIN_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > 2< / span >
< / pre >
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< p class = "commentary firstcommentary" > < a id = "SP2" class = "paragraph-anchor" > < / a > < b > § 2. < / b > A special certainty level is used for a temporal sense of certainty:
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< / p >
< pre class = "definitions code-font" > < span class = "definition-keyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > INITIALLY_CE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "constant-syntax" > 3< / span >
< / pre >
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< p class = "commentary firstcommentary" > < a id = "SP3" class = "paragraph-anchor" > < / a > < b > § 3. < / b > < / p >
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< pre class = "displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font" >
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< span class = "reserved-syntax" > void< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "function-syntax" > Certainty::write< / span > < button class = "popup" onclick = "togglePopup('usagePopup1')" > < span class = "comment-syntax" > ?< / span > < span class = "popuptext" id = "usagePopup1" > Usage of < span class = "code-font" > < span class = "function-syntax" > Certainty::write< / span > < / span > :< br / > Diagrams - < a href = "1-dgr.html#SP3" > § 3< / a > < / span > < / button > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > OUTPUT_STREAM< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > , < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > int< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > level< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ) {< / span >
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< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > switch< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > level< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ) {< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > IMPOSSIBLE_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "impossible"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > UNLIKELY_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "unlikely"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > UNKNOWN_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "(no certainty level)"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > LIKELY_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "likely"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > CERTAIN_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "certain"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > case< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > INITIALLY_CE:< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "identifier-syntax" > WRITE< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > (< / span > < span class = "string-syntax" > "initial"< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ); < / span > < span class = "reserved-syntax" > break< / span > < span class = "plain-syntax" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > }< / span >
< span class = "plain-syntax" > }< / span >
< / pre >
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< p class = "commentary firstcommentary" > < a id = "SP4" class = "paragraph-anchor" > < / a > < b > § 4. < / b > Certainty adverbs are found mainly in regular sentences:
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< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > A door is usually open.< / p >
< / blockquote >
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< p class = "commentary" > They are syntactically legal in existential sentences too, though in English
this usually expresses emphasis rather than a measure of probability: consider
"there certainly are men in the room". Inform allows this, in any case. In
conditions, Inform is more picky. For example, in assertions one can write
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< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > A box is usually closed. (1)< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p class = "commentary" > but in conditions one can't write
< / p >
< blockquote >
< p > if a box is usually closed, ... (2)< / p >
< / blockquote >
< p class = "commentary" > This is because (1) is essentially a statement about the future, not the
present or the past, whereas conditions like (2) must always be determinable at
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once: run-time code cannot know what will generally happen, only what is now
the case and what has been the case in the past.
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< / p >
< pre class = "Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font" >
< span class = "Preform-function-syntax" > < certainty> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-constant-syntax" > always/certainly< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > |< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ==> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > { CERTAIN_CE, - }< / span >
< span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-constant-syntax" > usually/normally< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > |< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ==> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > { LIKELY_CE, - }< / span >
< span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-constant-syntax" > rarely/seldom< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > |< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ==> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > { UNLIKELY_CE, - }< / span >
< span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-constant-syntax" > never< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > |< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ==> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > { IMPOSSIBLE_CE, - }< / span >
< span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-constant-syntax" > initially< / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > < / span > < span class = "Preform-reserved-syntax" > ==> < / span > < span class = "Preform-plain-syntax" > { INITIALLY_CE, - }< / span >
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< / pre >
< ul class = "endnotetexts" > < li > This is < a href = "../words-module/4-ap.html" class = "internal" > Preform grammar< / a > , not regular C code.< / li > < / ul >
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