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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../inform7n.html">Inform7</a></li><li><a href="index.html">knowledge</a></li><li><a href="index.html#2">Chapter 2: Instances and Variables</a></li><li><b>Nonlocal Variables</b></li></ul></div>
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<p class="purpose">To manage variables whose scope is wider than the current rule.</p>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;1. </b>The term "nonlocal variable" is less than elegant,<sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" rel="footnote">1</a></sup> but it expresses a basic
truth &mdash; that Inform, in contrast to C-like languages, has two different sorts
of variables:
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</p>
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<ul class="items"><li>&#9679; Local variables exist only in the current stack frame and therefore die
with it; assertions cannot declare their values; they are created with the
"let" phrase or similar, not by assertion sentences.
</li><li>&#9679; Nonlocal variables, all of the others, exist across multiple stack frames,
and are longer-lived. We don't call these "global" because intermediate scopes
are also possible: rulebook, activity and action variables, for example, have
a limited scope and lifetime, but are nevertheless not local to any one rule.
These variables are created by assertion sentences.
</li></ul>
<p class="commentary">These semantics are so different that it makes no compelling sense to try to
give them a common implementation inside the compiler; so, nonlocal variables
are handled below, but local variables have a different implementation at
<a href="../imperative-module/3-lv.html" class="internal">Local Variables (in imperative)</a>.
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</p>
<p class="commentary">A pragmatic, but questionable,<sup id="fnref:2"><a href="#fn:2" rel="footnote">2</a></sup> implementation decision by Inform is that
names created as aliases for constant values are implemented as being variables
that happen not to vary.
</p>
<p class="commentary">Nonlocal variables are stored in all kinds of ways at run-time. See
<a href="../runtime-module/5-vrb.html" class="internal">Variables (in runtime)</a> for more.
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</p>
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<ul class="footnotetexts"><li class="footnote" id="fn:1"><p class="inwebfootnote"><sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" rel="footnote">1</a></sup> At one time the term used here was "quantity", which sounded philosophical
and was too vague.
<a href="#fnref:1" title="return to text"> &#x21A9;</a></p></li><li class="footnote" id="fn:2"><p class="inwebfootnote"><sup id="fnref:2"><a href="#fn:2" rel="footnote">2</a></sup> Does it really make sense to regard named constants as being conceptually
closer to global variables than to literals such as <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">true</span></span> or <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">false</span></span>?
<a href="#fnref:2" title="return to text"> &#x21A9;</a></p></li></ul>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">typedef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> text of the name</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> what kind of value it holds</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shared_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">scope</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> where it exists, or </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">NULL</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> for everywhere</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> so that assertions can discuss it...</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alias_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> ...or perhaps the thing it aliases</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> for instance, for "story title"</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">substitution_marker</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> to prevent infinite regress when substituting</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">var_is_bibliographic</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> one of the bibliographic constants set at the end</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">var_is_allowed_to_be_zero</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> for an empty enumerated kind, despite non-safety</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">variable_compilation_data</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">compilation_data</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv_created_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> sentence creating the variable</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">var_documentation_symbol</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> reference to manual, if any</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLASS_DEFINITION</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">} </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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</pre>
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<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>The structure nonlocal_variable is accessed in 2/ins, 3/prp, 3/vp, 3/spr, 3/msr, 4/vs, 4/pp, 5/pi, 5/tmw, 5/tnt and here.</li></ul>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>We can create a new variable provided we give its name, kind and scope.
When the scope isn't global, the variable is said to be "stacked", which is a
reference to how it's stored at run-time.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">Note that we only register the name of the variable as a proper noun if it's
global and will live forever, because nouns are both of those things. Anyone
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creating a shared variable will have to make their own arrangements to parse
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the names of them.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::new_global</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::new_global</span></span>:<br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="1-ap.html#SP6_5_2">&#167;6.5.2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROTECTED_MODEL_PROCEDURE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::new</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::new_proper_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEUTER_GENDER</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ADD_TO_LEXICON_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">VARIABLE_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lvalues::new_actual_NONLOCAL_VARIABLE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::language_of_syntax</span><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;3. </b>The following then parses for those nouns, and note that it therefore can
only match globals, since variables of lesser scope are not in the lexicon.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::parse_global</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup2')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup2">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::parse_global</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nv.html#SP7">&#167;7</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Articles::remove_the</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;s-global-variable&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;&lt;rp&gt;&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_constant_nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4. </b>We record the one most recently made:
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">latest_nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::get_latest</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">latest_nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::new</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup3')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup3">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::new</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nv.html#SP2">&#167;2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shared_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">shv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"created variable without kind"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::definite</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-nv.html#SP4_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue problem message for an indefinite variable</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CREATE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">latest_nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">var_documentation_symbol</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">DocReferences::position_of_symbol</span><span class="plain-syntax">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_created_at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">alias_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">var_is_allowed_to_be_zero</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">scope</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shv</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">substitution_marker</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="4-vs.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">VariableSubjects::new</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">compilation_data</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RTVariables::new_compilation_data</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-nv.html#SP4_4" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Notice a few special variables</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.4</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PluginCalls::new_variable_notify</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOGIF</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VARIABLE_CREATIONS</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="string-syntax">"Created nonlocal variable: $Z\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue problem message for an indefinite variable</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_wording</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">(2, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_IndefiniteVariable</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"I am unable to create the variable '%1', because its kind (%2) is too "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"vague. I need to know exactly what kind of value goes into each "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"variable: for instance, it's not enough to say 'L is a list of values "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"that varies', because I don't know what the entries have to be - 'L "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"is a list of numbers that varies' would be better."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
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</pre>
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<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-nv.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4.2. </b>Four oddball cases have special behaviour:
</p>
<ul class="items"><li>&#9679; <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">Inter_nothing_VAR</span></span> is translated not to an Inter variable, but to the
Inter constant <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">nothing</span></span>.
</li><li>&#9679; <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">temporary_global_VAR</span></span> is translated to an Inter global used as temporary
storage space, and which has no fixed kind. An author cannot access this
directly in source text.
</li><li>&#9679; <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">parameter_object_VAR</span></span> is translated to an Inter global used during the
run of certain rulebooks, and which has no fixed kind. (This could have been
handled as a rulebook variable, but having it as a global is more efficient.)
</li><li>&#9679; <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">command_prompt_VAR</span></span> is a quite ordinary Inform 7 variable, except that
it is compiled in an unusual way, to achieve backwards compatibility with
the code in <a href="../CommandParserKit/index.html" class="internal">CommandParserKit</a>, which dates back to the era of Inform 1 to 6.
</li></ul>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">temporary_global_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter_nothing_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">nothing</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> constant</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">command_prompt_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the command prompt text</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parameter_object_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4.3. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::nothing_pseudo_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter_nothing_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::command_prompt_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">command_prompt_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::parameter_object_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parameter_object_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::temporary_global_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">temporary_global_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4.4. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Notice a few special variables</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.4</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;notable-variables&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;&lt;r&gt;&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="identifier-syntax">temporary_global_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter_nothing_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="identifier-syntax">command_prompt_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parameter_object_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-nv.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5. </b>Inform recognises these special variables by their English names:
</p>
<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;notable-variables&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">i6-varying-global</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">i6-nothing-constant</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">command</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">prompt</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">parameter-object</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP6" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;6. </b>So much for creation; and here's how we log and write them:
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</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::log</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-nv.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::write</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">DL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::write</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;null variable&gt;"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"'%W'(%s)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">, (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax">)?</span><span class="string-syntax">"const"</span><span class="plain-syntax">:</span><span class="string-syntax">"var"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Textual::write</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP7" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;7. </b>The author can demand with a "translates as" sentence that a given
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variable is equivalent to an Inter variable supplied in some kit:
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::translates</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nv.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::parse_global</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">scope</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"Tried %W\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_NonQuantityTranslated</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"this is not the name of a variable"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"or at any rate not one global in scope."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TEMPORARY_TEXT</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE_TO</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="string-syntax">"%N"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">)));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RTVariables::identifier_translates</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">DISCARD_TEXT</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOGIF</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VARIABLE_CREATIONS</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"Translated variable: $Z as %N\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">)));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP8" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;8. </b>Nonlocal variables are inference subjects in order that they can be given
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initial values by inference: see <a href="4-vs.html" class="internal">Variable Subjects</a> for more.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::to_subject</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup4')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup4">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::to_subject</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nv.html#SP11">&#167;11</a><br/>Variable Subjects - <a href="4-vs.html#SP2">&#167;2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP9" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;9. </b>Now for some basic properties:
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::is_global</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">scope</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::kind</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup5')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup5">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::kind</span></span>:<br/>Variable Subjects - <a href="4-vs.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::allow_to_be_zero</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">var_is_allowed_to_be_zero</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP10" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;10. </b>The kind can in fact be changed after creation, though this never happens
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to variables declared in source text: it allows us to have a few globals which
are reused for different purposes and are typeless.
</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::set_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"set kind for null variable"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP11" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;11. </b>This is a curiosity, used to force the textual contents of a bibliographic
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data variable (such as "story title") to be treated as text.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::initial_value_as_plain_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inf</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nv.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::to_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">POSITIVE_KNOWLEDGE_LOOP</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inf</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">property_inf</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="5-pi.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">PropertyInferences::get_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inf</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P_variable_initial_value</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="5-pi.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">PropertyInferences::set_value_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inf</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">EMPTY_WORDING</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP12" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;12. </b>"Constant" means that no change is permitted at run-time; "initialisable"
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means that a value can be set by an assertion in the source text.
</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::make_constant</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup6')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup6">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::make_constant</span></span>:<br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="1-ap.html#SP6_5_2">&#167;6.5.2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bib</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"no such var"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">var_is_bibliographic</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bib</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RTVariables::make_initialisable</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::is_constant</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"no such var"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::must_be_constant</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_CantChangeConstants</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"this is a name for a value which never changes during the story"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"so it can't be altered with 'now'."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::warn_about_change</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">score_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">score_VAR</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">global_compilation_settings</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoring_option_set</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) ||</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">global_compilation_settings</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoring_option_set</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOT_APPLICABLE</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_CantChangeScore</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"this is a story with no scoring"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"so it makes no sense to change the 'score' value. You can add "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"scoring to the story by including the sentence 'Use scoring.', "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"in which case this problem message will go away; or you can "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"remove it with 'Use no scoring.' (Until 2011, the default was "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"to have scoring, but now it's not to have scoring.)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;13. </b>Substitution is the down-side if handling constants as if they were variables.
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At some point, the constant has to be replaced by its value, and this is where.
Note that it's easy to imagine a chain of constants defined each as being
equal to the next, but that a cycle of those is illegal.
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</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">substitution_session_id</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::substitute_constants</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">substitution_session_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">while</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lvalues::get_nonlocal_variable_if_any</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">constant_at_run_time</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">substitution_marker</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">substitution_session_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_created_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_wording</span><span class="plain-syntax">(2, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">(3, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">nlv_kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_MeaningRecursive</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"The sentence %1 tells me that '%2', which should be %3 "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"that varies, is to have an initial value which can't "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"be worked out without going round in circles."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Specifications::new_UNKNOWN</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">substitution_marker</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">substitution_session_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sspec</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="4-vs.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">VariableSubjects::get_initial_value</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::is</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sspec</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">UNKNOWN_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sspec</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">continue</span><span class="plain-syntax">; }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spec</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;14. </b>"Aliasing" is the ability to divert inferences about a variable to
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inferences about something else. Inform uses this for interactive fiction
projects with "the player"; authors tend to think "the player" is an instance
and they write assertions accordingly, but in fact it's a variable. Because
of this aliasing, however, an inference about "the player" is diverted to
become an inference about "yourself", the actual default player instance.
</p>
<p class="commentary">At present this is the only use made of aliasing.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::get_alias</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup7')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup7">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::get_alias</span></span>:<br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="1-ap.html#SP9">&#167;9</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="4-vs.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">VariableSubjects::get_initial_value</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vals</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="4-is.html#SP14" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::from_specification</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vals</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vals</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">alias_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">NonlocalVariables::set_alias</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">nonlocal_variable</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nlv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">alias_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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