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<!-- Weave of '3/aap' generated by 7 -->
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< ul class = "crumbs" > < li > < a href = "../webs.html" > Source< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "../compiler.html" > Compiler Modules< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "index.html" > linguistics< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "index.html#3" > Chapter 3: Grammatical Categories I< / a > < / li > < li > < b > Articles and Pronouns< / b > < / li > < / ul > < p class = "purpose" > To define some elementary particles.< / p >
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< ul class = "toc" > < li > < a href = "#SP1" > § 1. Pronouns< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "#SP2" > § 2. Possessives< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "#SP3" > § 3. Articles< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "#SP7" > § 7. Participles< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "#SP8" > § 8. Negation< / a > < / li > < li > < a href = "#SP9" > § 9. Marking for Preform efficiency< / a > < / li > < / ul > < hr class = "tocbar" >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP1" > < / a > < b > § 1. Pronouns. < / b > We now define some grammatical basics. These are all very simple, and the user
can't create new instances of them — whereas the source text can make new
adjectives, verbs and nouns, it can't make new pronouns.
< / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > pronoun< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > nominative< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > pronoun< / span > < span class = "plain" > > | ==> < / span > < span class = "identifier" > R< / span > < span class = "plain" > [1]< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > accusative< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > pronoun< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ==> < / span > < span class = "identifier" > R< / span > < span class = "plain" > [1]< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > nominative< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > pronoun< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > it< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > he< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > she< / span > < span class = "plain" > | ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > singular< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > they< / span > < span class = "plain" > ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > plural< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > accusative< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > pronoun< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > it< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > him< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > her< / span > < span class = "plain" > | ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > singular< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > them< / span > < span class = "plain" > ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > plural< / span >
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< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP2" > < / a > < b > § 2. Possessives. < / b > Inform uses these not only for parsing but also to inflect text. For example,
if every person is given a nose, the player will see it as "my nose" not
"your nose". Inform handles such inflections by converting a pronoun in
one grammar into its corresponding pronoun in another (in this case, first
person to second person).
< / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > possessive< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > first< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > person< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > my< / span > < span class = "plain" > | ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > singular< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > our< / span > < span class = "plain" > ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > plural< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > possessive< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > second< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > person< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > your< / span > < span class = "plain" > | ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > singular< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > your< / span > < span class = "plain" > ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > plural< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > possessive< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > third< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > person< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > its< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > his< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > her< / span > < span class = "plain" > | ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > singular< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > their< / span > < span class = "plain" > ==> < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > plural< / span >
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< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP3" > < / a > < b > § 3. Articles. < / b > < / p >
< pre class = "definitions" >
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< span class = "definitionkeyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant" > DEF_ART< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > the definite article< / span >
< span class = "definitionkeyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant" > INDEF_ART< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > the indefinite article< / span >
< span class = "definitionkeyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant" > NO_ART< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 3< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > no article supplied< / span >
< span class = "definitionkeyword" > define< / span > < span class = "constant" > IT_ART< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 4< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "comment" > a special case to handle "it"< / span >
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< / pre >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > indefinite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > | ==> < / span > < span class = "identifier" > R< / span > < span class = "plain" > [1]< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ==> < / span > < span class = "identifier" > R< / span > < span class = "plain" > [1]< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP4" > < / a > < b > § 4. < / b > The articles need to be single words, and the following two productions
have an unusual convention: they are required to have production numbers
which encode both the implied grammatical number and gender.
< / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< ul class = "items" > < li > (a) singular, neuter; (b) masculine; (c) feminine
< / li > < li > (d) plural, neuter; (e) masculine; (f) feminine
< / li > < / ul >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > In English gender doesn't appear in articles, and "the" is ambiguous as to
number in any case, so we end up with something quite dull:
< / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > a< / span > < span class = "plain" > / < / span > < span class = "identifier" > the< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > indefinite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > a< / span > < span class = "plain" > / < / span > < span class = "identifier" > a< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > an< / span > < span class = "plain" > |< / span >
< span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > d< / span > < span class = "plain" > / < / span > < span class = "identifier" > some< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP5" > < / a > < b > § 5. < / b > These are useful for stripping optional articles from text:
< / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ... |< / span >
< span class = "plain" > ...< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ... |< / span >
< span class = "plain" > ...< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > compulsory< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ...< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP6" > < / a > < b > § 6. < / b > < / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "identifier" > wording< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "functiontext" > Articles::remove_the< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > wording< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ) {< / span >
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< span class = "reserved" > if< / span > < span class = "plain" > ((< / span > < span class = "identifier" > Wordings::length< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ) > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > ) & & < / span >
< span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ))) < / span > < span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > GET_RW< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > , < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
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< span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > wording< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "functiontext" > Articles::remove_article< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > wording< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ) {< / span >
< span class = "reserved" > if< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > Wordings::nonempty< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > )) {< / span >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
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< span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > GET_RW< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > optional< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > , < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
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< p class = "endnote" > The function Articles::remove_the is used in 2/pe (< a href = "2-pe.html#SP5_3" > § 5.3< / a > ), 3/daq (< a href = "3-daq.html#SP17" > § 17< / a > ).< / p >
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< p class = "endnote" > The function Articles::remove_article is used in 2/pe (< a href = "2-pe.html#SP5_3" > § 5.3< / a > ).< / p >
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< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP7" > < / a > < b > § 7. Participles. < / b > Inform guesses that most English words ending in "-ing" are present
participles — like guessing, bluffing, cheating, and so on. But there is
a conspicuous exception to this; so any word found in < non-participles>
is never treated as a participle.
< / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > non< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > participles< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > thing< / span > < span class = "plain" > /< / span > < span class = "identifier" > something< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > probable< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > participle< / span > < span class = "plain" > > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > internal< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "constant" > 1< / span > < span class = "plain" > {< / span >
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< span class = "reserved" > if< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > Vocabulary::test_flags< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > Wordings::first_wn< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > ), < / span > < span class = "identifier" > ING_MC< / span > < span class = "plain" > )) {< / span >
< span class = "reserved" > if< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > non< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > participles< / span > < span class = "plain" > > (< / span > < span class = "identifier" > W< / span > < span class = "plain" > )) < / span > < span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > FALSE< / span > < span class = "plain" > ;< / span >
< span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > TRUE< / span > < span class = "plain" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< span class = "reserved" > return< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "identifier" > FALSE< / span > < span class = "plain" > ;< / span >
< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP8" > < / a > < b > § 8. Negation. < / b > < / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "plain" > < < / span > < span class = "identifier" > negated< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > clause< / span > < span class = "plain" > > ::=< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > not< / span > < span class = "plain" > ...< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < a id = "SP9" > < / a > < b > § 9. Marking for Preform efficiency. < / b > < / p >
< pre class = "display" >
< span class = "reserved" > void< / span > < span class = "plain" > < / span > < span class = "functiontext" > Articles::mark_for_preform< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< / span > < span class = "reserved" > void< / span > < span class = "plain" > ) {< / span >
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< span class = "identifier" > Preform::assign_bitmap_bit< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > , < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > Preform::assign_bitmap_bit< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > definite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > , < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
< span class = "identifier" > Preform::assign_bitmap_bit< / span > < span class = "plain" > (< < / span > < span class = "identifier" > indefinite< / span > < span class = "plain" > -< / span > < span class = "identifier" > article< / span > < span class = "plain" > > , < / span > < span class = "constant" > 2< / span > < span class = "plain" > );< / span >
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< span class = "plain" > }< / span >
< / pre >
< p class = "inwebparagraph" > < / p >
< p class = "endnote" > The function Articles::mark_for_preform is used in 1/lm (< a href = "1-lm.html#SP3" > § 3< / a > ).< / p >
< hr class = "tocbar" >
< ul class = "toc" > < li > < i > (This section begins Chapter 3: Grammatical Categories I.)< / i > < / li > < li > < a href = "3-cao.html" > Continue with 'Cardinals and Ordinals'< / a > < / li > < / ul > < hr class = "tocbar" >
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