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<main role="main">
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<!--Weave of 'English Inflections' generated by Inweb-->
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<div class="breadcrumbs">
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Inform7 Modules</a></li><li><a href="index.html">inflections</a></li><li><a href="index.html#4">Chapter 4: Default Language</a></li><li><b>English Inflections</b></li></ul></div>
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<p class="purpose">To define how English nouns and verbs are inflected.</p>
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<ul class="toc"><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP1">§1. Preface</a></li><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP3">§3. Noun inflections</a></li><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP7">§7. Plural inflections</a></li><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP16">§16. Verb inflections</a></li><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP47">§47. Present to past participles</a></li><li><a href="4-ei.html#SP48">§48. Adjective agreements</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1"></a><b>§1. Preface. </b>Inflections are modifications of words — usually word endings or beginnings —
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for different circumstances. English is often called an uninflected language,
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but this is an exaggeration. For example, we spell the word "tree" as
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"trees" if it refers to more than one of them. Inform sometimes needs
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to take text in one form and change it to another — for example, to turn
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a singular noun into a plural one — and ordinary Preform parsing isn't good
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enough to express this.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">Inform uses a data structure called a "trie" as an efficient way to match
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prefix and/or suffix patterns in words, and then to modify them. These tries
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are created using the same notation as for Preform grammar, which is
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convenient in many ways, but also a little misleading — they are parsed quite
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differently. The rules are as follows:
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</p>
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<ul class="items"><li>(a) A nonterminal in trie grammar can either be a list of other tries, or it
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can be a list of inflection rules. Mixtures of the two are not allowed. For
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example <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><singular-noun-to-its-indefinite-article></span></span> is a list of other tries, while
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<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><en-trie-indef-a></span></span> contains actual rules.
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</li><li>(b) In a list of tries, each production consists only of a single nonterminal
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identifying the trie to make use of. One exception: writing <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">...</span></span> before the
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trie's name makes it work on the end of a word instead of the beginning.
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Inform attempts to find a match using each trie in turn, until a match is
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found.
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</li><li>(c) In a list of inflection rules, each production consists of two words. The
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first word is what to match; the second gives instructions on what to turn
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it into. An asterisk is used to mean "any string of 0 or more letters";
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a digit in the replacement text means "truncate by this many letters and
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add...". (As a special case, the replacement text "0" means: make no
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change.) Some examples:
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</li></ul>
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<p class="commentary"><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">lead gold</span></span> turns "lead" into "gold"
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</p>
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<p class="commentary"><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">codex codices</span></span> turns "codex" to "codices"
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</p>
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<p class="commentary"><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">*mouse 5mice</span></span> turns "mouse" to "mice", or "fieldmouse" to "fieldmice"
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">Designing a trie is not quite as easy as it looks. It looks as if this is a
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sequence of tests to perform in succession, but it's better to think of the
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rules all being performed at once. In general, if you need one inflection
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rule to take precedence over another, put it in an earlier trie, rather than
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putting it earlier in the same trie.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2"></a><b>§2. </b>Tries are highly language specific and should not be translated as such:
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instead, an appropriate version needs to be written for every language.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">Except at the very top level, translators are free to created new tries
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and name them as they please. For example, the Spanish implementation of
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">its</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indefinite</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">article</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary">may look entirely unlike its English version, but at the top level it still
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has to have that name.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">Lower-level tries used in the implementation should have names beginning
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with a language code: hence the names "en-" used below.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3"></a><b>§3. Noun inflections. </b>The following trie looks at the start of a word, which we assume to be a
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noun, and decides whether to use the indefinite article "a" or "an".
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This is much more complicated than simply looking for a vowel as the first
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letter, as people often think until they try a few cases.
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</p>
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<p class="commentary">The following was compiled by Toby Nelson with the aid of a pronunciation
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dictionary and the "Official Scrabble Wordlist".
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">its</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indefinite</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">article</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4"></a><b>§4. </b>Exceptions to the exceptions:
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oneir</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">onero</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ukiyo</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Japanese style of 17th-19th cent. printmaking</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">urao</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">urial</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uvarovite</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> a rare emerald-green garnet, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5"></a><b>§5. </b>Then the exceptions:
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eu</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., euphoria, eulogy</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ewe</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> female sheep</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ewftes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Spens. form of an eft lizard</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ewghen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> made of yew, i.e., yewen</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ewk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">houri</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">once</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> a Once and Future King</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">one</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> but still use an for oneir- and onero-</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">onst</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> dialect form of once</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oui</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., a Ouija board or a ouistiti (a marmoset)</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">u</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the letter U</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">u</span><span class="plain-syntax">-* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., U-boats</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">u</span><span class="character-syntax">'* a | /* e.g., u'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> */</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uakari</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the South American monkey</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ub</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., ubiquitous</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">udal</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">udomet</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uey</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> colloquial for "U-turn", as in "he pulled a uey"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ueys</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ufo</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uganda</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the county Uganda</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ugr</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uint</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uk</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ulex</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the genus of gorse</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uli</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ulo</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ulu</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">una</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> from "una corda", the musical term</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unabomb</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the so-called Unabomber</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unalist</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unanimit</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unanimous</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unesco</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the United Nations cultural body</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unescos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unia</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unic</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unif</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unig</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unil</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unio</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unip</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uniq</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unis</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unit</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">univ</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upas</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ura</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ure</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uri</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uru</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">usa</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">use</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">usi</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">usu</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">utas</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ute</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uti</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uto</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">utr</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uttoxeter</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> the English town of Uttoxeter</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uva</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uvu</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP6"></a><b>§6. </b>And finally the basic rules:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">indef</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">o</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">u</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">f</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">f</span><span class="character-syntax">'s an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> f-* an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> fbi an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> fo an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> frs an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> h an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> h'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">h</span><span class="plain-syntax">-* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., H-bomb</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haute</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., haute cuisine, hauteur</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">heir</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hono</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., honorific, honorary doctorate</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hour</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">l</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">l</span><span class="character-syntax">'s an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> l-* an | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., L-plate</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> m an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> m'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax">-* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., M-ration</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">n</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">n</span><span class="character-syntax">'s an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> n-* an | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., N-dimensional manifold</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> r an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> r'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">r</span><span class="plain-syntax">-* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rac</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Royal Automobile Club</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">raf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Royal Air Force</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rspca</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rsvp</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="character-syntax">'s an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> s-* an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> x an |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> x'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">x</span><span class="plain-syntax">-* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., X-ray</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">xmas</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yb</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> these are mostly obs., Spens., and/or arch.</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yc</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yd</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yf</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yg</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ym</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yn</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yp</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., ypsilon</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yr</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ys</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yt</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., Ytterbium, Yttrium</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yw</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP7"></a><b>§7. Plural inflections. </b>The following takes a single word, assumes it to be a noun which meaningfully
|
|
has a plural, and modifies it to the plural form. ("Golf" is a noun which
|
|
doesn't sensibly have a plural; the algorithm here would return "golves".)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">The trie here was derived from a partial implementation of Damian Conway's
|
|
algorithm: see his paper "An Algorithmic Approach to English
|
|
Pluralization", online at his website. The use of tries makes this somewhat
|
|
faster than Conway's reference implementation, which for clarity's sake
|
|
consists of a long sequence of regular-expression matches.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Conway divides plurals into modern and classical forms, and in cases where a
|
|
noun has both, we take the modern form. Thus "phalanxes", not "phalanges".
|
|
Because we focus on single words, we also omit prepositional phrases ("under
|
|
water") and position names qualified by following adjectives ("procurator
|
|
fiscal", "postmaster general"). Otherwise we omit only two cases, both
|
|
involving capitalised proper nouns: nationality adjectives used as if they were
|
|
nouns ("I saw two Japanese walking into the airport") and names of people used
|
|
as if they were count nouns for a category of people like the one named ("We
|
|
need more Wills, more Henrys.") — these are not likely to arise much in Inform
|
|
usage, and they are awkward to implement with our tries because they depend on
|
|
prefix as well as suffix and require case-dependency.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">In its written form (as of November 2009, anyway), Conway's paper omits an
|
|
important step from Algorithm 1, though it's present in his Perl implementation:
|
|
the regular case of a sibilant suffix. (Ironically, this means that as stated
|
|
Algorithm 1 pluralizes "suffix" incorrectly, as "suffixs".) I have filled
|
|
this omission. I have also amended step 11, which considers the regular plural
|
|
of a sibilant plus "o" suffix to include an "e", so that Conway produces
|
|
"torsoes", "bozoes"; we will have "torsos" and "bozos".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">its</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uninflected</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pronouns</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">assimilated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">classical</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">o</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">suffixes</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">append</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP8"></a><b>§8. </b>See Conway's table A.2. The following nouns, mostly names of kinds of animal,
|
|
have the same plural as singular form: for example, chamois, salmon, goldfish.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uninflected</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fish</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ois</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sheep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">deer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pox</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">itis</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bison</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flounder</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pliers</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bream</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gallows</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proceedings</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">breeches</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">graffiti</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rabies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">britches</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">headquarters</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">salmon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">carp</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">herpes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">scissors</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chassis</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">high</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">jinks</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sea</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bass</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clippers</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">homework</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">series</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cod</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">innings</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shears</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">contretemps</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jackanapes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">species</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">corps</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mackerel</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">debris</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">measles</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trout</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">diabetes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mews</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tuna</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">djinn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mumps</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">whiting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eland</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">news</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wildebeest</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">elk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pincers</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP9"></a><b>§9. </b>We may as well pluralise pronouns while we're at it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pronouns</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">we</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thou</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">she</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">they</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">he</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">they</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">it</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">they</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">they</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">they</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">me</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">us</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">you</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">her</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">them</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">him</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">them</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">it</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">them</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">them</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">them</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">myself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ourselves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yourself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yourself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thyself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yourself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">herself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">themselves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">himself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">themselves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">itself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">themselves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">themself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">themselves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oneself</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oneselves</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP10"></a><b>§10. </b>We now reach Conway step 4. These are irregular plurals mostly coming
|
|
from archaisms.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beefs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> we neglect the classical "beeves"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brother</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brothers</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and "brethren"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">child</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">children</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cows</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and "kine"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ephemeris</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ephemerides</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">genie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">genies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and "genii"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">money</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">moneys</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and "monies"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mongoose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mongooses</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mythos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mythoi</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">octopus</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">octopuses</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and "octopodes"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ox</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oxen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">soliloquy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">soliloquies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trilby</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trilbys</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP11"></a><b>§11. </b>Step 5. Now we reach a batch of irregular but fairly general inflected
|
|
endings; for example, protozoon to protozoa, or metamorphosis to metamorphoses.
|
|
Note that we differ from Conway in pluralizing blouse as blouses, not blice.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">man</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">men</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 5 begins here</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">blouse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ses</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">louse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lice</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">mouse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="identifier-syntax">mice</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tooth</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="identifier-syntax">teeth</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">goose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="identifier-syntax">geese</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">foot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zoon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zoa</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cis</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ces</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sis</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ses</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">xis</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">xes</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP12"></a><b>§12. </b>Step 6. These are inflections from Latin and Greek which have survived
|
|
into modern English:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">assimilated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">classical</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alumna</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alumnae</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> from table A.10</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alga</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">algae</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vertebra</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vertebrae</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">codex</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">codices</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> from table A.14</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">murex</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">murices</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">silex</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">silices</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aphelion</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aphelia</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> from table A.19</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hyperbaton</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hyperbata</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">perihelion</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">perihelia</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">asyndeton</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">asyndeta</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noumenon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noumena</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">phenomenon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">phenomena</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">criterion</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">criteria</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">organon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">organa</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prolegomenon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prolegomena</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">agendum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">agenda</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> from table A.20</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">datum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">data</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">extremum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">extrema</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bacterium</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bacteria</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">desideratum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">desiderata</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stratum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strata</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">candelabrum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">candelabra</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">erratum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">errata</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ovum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ova</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13"></a><b>§13. </b>Step 11a. (We're not implementing Conway's steps in sequence: see below.)
|
|
These -o endings are mostly loan words from Romance languages whose original
|
|
inflections are assimilated.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">o</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">suffixes</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">albino</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">albinos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">altos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">archipelago</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">archipelagos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">armadillo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">armadillos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">basso</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bassos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">canto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cantos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">commando</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">commandos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">contralto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">contraltos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crescendo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crescendos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ditto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dittos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dynamo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dynamos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">embryo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">embryos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fiasco</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fiascos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">generalissimo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">generalissimos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghetto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghettos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">guano</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">guanos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inferno</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infernos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jumbo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jumbos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lingo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lingos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lumbago</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lumbagos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">magneto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">magnetos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">manifesto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">manifestos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">medico</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">medicos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">octavo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">octavos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">photo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">photos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pro</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pros</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quarto</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quartos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rhino</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rhinos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">solo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">solos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">soprano</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sopranos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stylo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stylos</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tempo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tempos</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14"></a><b>§14. </b>Conway steps 8 to 11. These are regular inflections depending only on
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word endings.
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inflections</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 8: "church" to "churches"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sh</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "rush" to "rushes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ss</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "dress" to "dresses"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 9: "calf" to "calves"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">elf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "self" to "selves"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">olf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "wolf" to "wolves"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eaf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "sheaf" to "sheaves"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "wharf" to "wharves"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nife</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "knife" to "knives"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">life</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "life" to "lives"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wife</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ves</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "wife" to "wives"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ax</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Sibilant additions: "fax" to "faxes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ex</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "sex" to "sexes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ix</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "Weetabix" to "Weetabixes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ox</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "fox" to "foxes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ux</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "flux" to "fluxes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">as</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "gas" to "gases"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">is</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "mantis" to "mantises"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">os</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "thermos" to "thermoses"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">us</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "abacus" to "abacuses"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">az</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ez</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> "fez" to "fezes"</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iz</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oz</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uz</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 10 begins here</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ey</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">hy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">jy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ky</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ly</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">my</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ny</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">qy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ry</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ty</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">xy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">yy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ies</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ao</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 11b begins here</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">co</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">go</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ho</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">io</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">jo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ko</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">mo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">no</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">po</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">qo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ro</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">so</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">xo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">yo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oes</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP15"></a><b>§15. </b>Lastly, the fallback if none of the above cases match: append an -s, of
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course.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">append</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Step 13</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP16"></a><b>§16. Verb inflections. </b>"Le verbe est l'âme d'une langue" (attributed to Georges Duhamel). And the
|
|
care of the soul is, of course, complicated. For example, the source text can
|
|
say something like this:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The verb to flaunt means to wear.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">This tells Inform that a new verb's infinitive is "flaunt", but not how
|
|
to construct its other parts. We will use Preform grammar not only to
|
|
define how to construct English verbs, but also in a way enabling it to
|
|
be used with other languages too.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Inform uses five different tenses (present, past, present perfect, past
|
|
perfect, and future), three persons, two numbers, two senses (true
|
|
and false), and two moods (active and passive); in addition, it keeps
|
|
track of the infinitive, past participle and present participle of a verb.
|
|
Altogether that makes 123 potentially different versions of the original
|
|
text. But of course there's a great deal of duplication in this, and
|
|
almost all of the versions can be made using a much smaller number of
|
|
genuinely different inflected versions of the word.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Our general strategy works like this:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(a) Identify one or more verbs as being too irregular to fit into any
|
|
pattern, and handle those as special cases.
|
|
</li><li>(b) For all other verbs, identify a set of inflected forms which covers all
|
|
of the possibilities we need to make, and write a trie to handle each one.
|
|
</li><li>(c) Try to use a single conjugation to show how these forms are used, that
|
|
is, how the different word forms map onto the possible tenses, persons,
|
|
numbers, and so on.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP17"></a><b>§17. </b>This gives us a certain amount of choice. What exactly is "too irregular"?
|
|
In French, are all -er, -ir, and -re verbs "regular"? (Consider "aller",
|
|
for example.) In English, it's possible to say that there are seven or so
|
|
classes of verbs, all regular by their own standards; but most people say
|
|
there's just one class of verb, and then irregular exceptions.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Our approach will follow Greenbaum, "Oxford English Grammar", at 4.14.
|
|
Like Greenbaum, we will use the term "form type" for the different possible
|
|
inflected versions of a verb word. The verb "to be" has eight form
|
|
types (be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being), but it's unique in that
|
|
respect — so this is one we will consider to be "too irregular", and will
|
|
handle as a special case.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">All other English verbs have five form types, though in many cases two or more
|
|
of these have the same spelling. These we will number as follows, for reasons
|
|
which will become clear below:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(1) Infinitive: flaunt.
|
|
</li><li>(2) Present participle: flaunting.
|
|
</li><li>(3) Past participle: flaunted.
|
|
</li><li>(5) Third person singular present (or just "present"): flaunts.
|
|
</li><li>(6) Third person singular past (or just "past"): flaunted.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<p class="commentary">In regular verbs the past and past participle are the same, as they are here:
|
|
he flaunted (past); he had flaunted (past participle). But English has around
|
|
600 commonly occurring irregular verbs in which they are different, sometimes
|
|
unpredictably so: he went (past); he had gone (past participle). Irregularity
|
|
sometimes makes these forms coincide rather than making them different: for
|
|
example, to set has just three distinct forms — to set, he sets, he set, he
|
|
had set, setting.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP18"></a><b>§18. </b>Form types are numbered from 0 up to, potentially, a constant
|
|
called <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">MAX_FORM_TYPES</span></span>. (This is so large that there shouldn't ever be need
|
|
for more.) Form type 0 is always the original text, and is used as the basis
|
|
from which the others are generated. For English verbs Inform always sets form
|
|
type 0 to the infinitive, but this needn't be true if it's more natural in
|
|
other languages to do something else.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">We then reserve form types 1 to 3 for infinitive, present participle, and past
|
|
participle, respectively, and this is required to be the case in all
|
|
languages. Form type 4 is reserved for the "adjoint infinitive": if we
|
|
are given the English base text "be able to see", for example, this will
|
|
be recognised (see below) as "be able to" plus "see", and "see" will
|
|
be the "adjoint infinitive". For most verbs, we won't use it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">That means that form types 5 and upward are free to be used as needed by
|
|
each language. English needs two: the present (5) and past (6) forms.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">BASE_FORM_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">INFINITIVE_FORM_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
|
|
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">PRESENT_PARTICIPLE_FORM_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span>
|
|
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">PAST_PARTICIPLE_FORM_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span>
|
|
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">ADJOINT_INFINITIVE_FORM_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span>
|
|
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">MAX_FORM_TYPES</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">123</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP19"></a><b>§19. </b>We're now ready to write the <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><verb-conjugation-instructions></span></span>. This is
|
|
a block which looks at the infinitive of the verb and decides which of
|
|
several conjugations should be used. Badly irregular verbs get
|
|
conjugations of their own, and others are grouped together. In French,
|
|
for example, we might use this block of instructions to divide into different
|
|
cases for -er, -ir, and -re verbs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Each row takes the form of a pattern of words to match, followed by a
|
|
nonterminal giving the conjugation to use if a match is made. Matches
|
|
are literal except:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(a) The tail <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">...</span></span> means any string of one or more words, but can only be used
|
|
as the tail. Any text matching it is written into the adjoint infinitive.
|
|
So <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">be able to ...</span></span> matches "be able to touch" and sets the adjoint
|
|
infinitive to "touch".
|
|
</li><li>(b) A pattern written in the form <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">-xyz</span></span> matches the tail of a verb. This
|
|
isn't useful for English, but in French it neatly spots classes of verbs:
|
|
for example, <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">-er</span></span> detects first-conjugation verbs such as "donner".
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<p class="commentary">Note that we have to make sure every possible infinitive text matches at
|
|
least one line, and the best way to ensure that is to finish up with <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">...</span></span>
|
|
as the last pattern — this matches anything.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP20"></a><b>§20. </b>The instructions for English are quite concise, except for the presence
|
|
of the awkward contracted informal forms of verbs. (These aren't used in
|
|
Inform assertion sentences, but are needed for text substitutions.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instructions</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">could</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">may</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">might</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">must</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">should</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">would</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'re <contracted-to-be-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ve</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <arent-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> can'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cant</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <informal-negated-modal-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> haven'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mayn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <informal-negated-modal-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> mightn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mustn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <informal-negated-modal-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> wouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">couldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <informal-negated-modal-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> shouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="character-syntax">'t <informal-negated-modal-conjugation> |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> ... <regular-verb-conjugation></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP21"></a><b>§21. </b>We will start with two auxiliary verbs, that is, verbs used to construct
|
|
forms of other verbs. The first is "to have"; as we'll see, English uses
|
|
this to construct perfect tenses:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter has opened the gate. Jane had closed it.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">"To have" doesn't really mean that anybody possessed anything here, except
|
|
perhaps a history. It's simply used in conjunction with the past participle
|
|
("opened" and "closed") to form a tense. Verbs like this are called
|
|
"auxiliary".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">But it's not actually true, despite what concise grammars say, that English
|
|
uses "to have" here; it uses a slight variation which differs in the negated
|
|
forms. We write
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>I have not taken the lantern.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">rather than
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>I do not have taken the lantern.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">which strictly speaking ought to be correct. Inform handles this by using a
|
|
modified form of "to have", which we'll call "to auxiliary-have", which
|
|
differs only in its negative forms. We're only going to give this present
|
|
and past tenses since it's never needed except as an auxiliary.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Anyway, this is an example of a "conjugation". The purpose of this is to
|
|
set a few special verb forms — such as the present and past participles —
|
|
and then give a recipe to make all of the many forms which the verb can
|
|
take within sentences. The verb forms are numbered — see above — and
|
|
the recipe is called a "tabulation". We'll specify the format for this
|
|
below, when we get to a more complicated example, but briefly: this one
|
|
sets the present participle (2) to "having", the past participle (3) to
|
|
"had", and then names <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><to-have-tabulation></span></span> as the tabulation. The
|
|
text doesn't have to be a single word, and some ingenious tricks are
|
|
possible to form it from other verb forms; see below.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">The marker <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><auxiliary-verb-only></span></span> means that this form of "have" can
|
|
only be accessed from other verb conjugations, not via a text substitution
|
|
for "[have]".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">having</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">only</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP22"></a><b>§22. </b>Tabulations give instructions for how to construct 120 possible versions
|
|
of the verb. These are divided up first into active and passive "moods":
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter carries the lantern. [Active.]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>The lantern is carried by Peter. [Passive.]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">This makes two sets of 60. Each set contains five tenses, which in English
|
|
are present (1), past (2), perfect (3), past perfect (4) and future (5).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter carries the lantern. [1]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter carried the lantern. [2]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter has carried the lantern. [3]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter had carried the lantern. [4]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Peter will carry the lantern. [5]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">This makes five sets of 12. In each set there are six persons: first person
|
|
singular, second person singular, third person singular, first person plural,
|
|
second person plural, third person plural. We always write them in that order:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>I carry the lantern. [1PS]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>You carry the lantern. [2PS]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>He carries the lantern. [3PS]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>We carry the lantern. [1PP]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>You [more than one person] carry the lantern. [2PP]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>They carry the lantern. [3PP]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">And that makes six sets of 2: the positive sense and the negative.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>I carry the lantern. [Positive.]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>I do not carry the lantern. [Negative]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">To sum up, two moods times five tenses times six persons times two senses,
|
|
which makes 120 versions in all.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">A tabulation is best thought of as a short program to make these. Inform starts
|
|
out with all 120 versions blank, and each tabulation step sets one or more
|
|
versions. It's perfectly legal for later steps to override earlier ones;
|
|
and it's legal to leave some versions unset, marking them not to be used.
|
|
(We're going to ignore all of the passives and three of the active tenses,
|
|
so we're only going to set 48 versions, in the case of auxiliary-to-have.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Each step consists of a selector, followed by a text. The selector simply
|
|
chooses which of the 120 forms to set. The selector always begins with "a"
|
|
or "p", meaning active or passive; it can then optionally give a digit from
|
|
1 to 5, narrowing down to a given tense; and it can optionally give a plus or
|
|
minus sign, narrowing down to positive or negative senses. In the following,
|
|
for example, <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">a2+</span></span> means active mood (a), past tense (2), positive (<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">+</span></span>).
|
|
This nails down the selection to just 6 versions of the verb.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">The text is used literally, except for the following:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(a) The numbers 1, 2, 3, ..., expand into the verb forms with those numbers.
|
|
For example, 2 expands into the present participle for the verb. If the
|
|
number is followed by an open bracket, then an infinitive, then a close
|
|
bracket, then it expands to the verb form for that verb. For example, the
|
|
following expands to "sought":
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> )</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(b) Text in the form <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">1+xyz</span></span> expands into verb form 1 but with the letters
|
|
"xyz" added. For example, <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">1+ed</span></span> for the verb "to mark" would expand to
|
|
"marked", since 1 is the infinitive form. This feature is much more useful
|
|
in heavily inflected languages like French.
|
|
</li><li>(c) If a bracket, an infinitive, then a close bracket, is given, it expands
|
|
to the corresponding version of that verb. For example, the step
|
|
<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">a1+ ( grab ) back</span></span> sets the positive present-tense versions of a verb to
|
|
"I grab back", "you grab back", "he grabs back", and so on. Note that
|
|
the matching persons are used, i.e., if we're expanding this to make the
|
|
first person singular, we use the first person singular of the verb we're
|
|
borrowing. Finally, we can change the tense by placing a tense marker inside
|
|
the open brackets: <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">a3+ ( t1 have ) grabbed</span></span> sets the perfects to "I have
|
|
grabbed", "you have grabbed", and so on — without the tense marker it
|
|
would have been "I have have had grabbed", because "have" would expand
|
|
to its perfect tense and not its present tense. The <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">t1</span></span> means present tense;
|
|
<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">t2</span></span> means past tense, and so on.
|
|
</li><li>(d) If a nonterminal name is given, then it will be set of six texts; these
|
|
are used for the six persons.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<p class="commentary">A simple example, then, which uses only feature (d) of these exotica:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP23"></a><b>§23. </b>And this is an example of splitting into cases for the six persons,
|
|
1PS, 2PS, 3PS, 1PP, 2PP, 3PP. I have, you have, he has, we have, you have,
|
|
they have. (This is more excitingly varied in other languages, of course.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">has</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP24"></a><b>§24. </b>Next we have "to do", which is like "to have" in being fairly regular,
|
|
as irregular verbs go. But we treat this as a special case because, again,
|
|
we're going to need as an auxiliary verb when forming negatives ("Peter
|
|
does not wear the hat" — note the "does not"). But this time we give
|
|
the full treatment, creating all 60 active forms.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">For the passive, though, we do something new. The selector <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p*</span></span> is actually
|
|
a way to set all 60 passive forms (which would normally be written <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p</span></span>), but
|
|
it tells Inform to use "to be" as an auxiliary. When we write the <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p*</span></span>
|
|
step:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary">the effect is the same as writing:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary">The difference is that Inform more efficiently implements the <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p*</span></span> version,
|
|
by implementing "done by" as if it were a preposition rather than as part
|
|
of a verb. This parses more quickly and makes English passive forms play
|
|
more nicely with implied uses of "to be". For example, in
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>number of things carried by the player (1)</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Inform has to infer the meaning
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>number of things which are carried by the player (2)</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">and it can only do this if it recognises "carried by" as being prepositional
|
|
in nature, like "on" or "in". In other words, if we wrote the <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p</span></span> step
|
|
above instead of the <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p*</span></span> step, (2) would still work but (1) would not. (We
|
|
may have to revisit this for languages other than English.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">doing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">did</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">did</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">does</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP25"></a><b>§25. </b>Regular English verbs, then, look like so. We will, for the first time,
|
|
make heavy use of our numbered verb forms: for example, for the verb
|
|
"to take", they would be "take" (1), "taking" (2), "taken" (3),
|
|
"takes" (5) and "took" (6). We start with the infinitive ("take")
|
|
in verb form 1, but (2), (3), (5) and (6) are initially blank — we have
|
|
to make them somehow.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">We do this by giving their definitions not as fixed wording, as we did
|
|
for the verbs above, but as tries which act on the infinitive to produce
|
|
a wording. For example, <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax"><en-trie-present-participle></span></span> is a trie which
|
|
performs:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">take</span><span class="plain-syntax"> --> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taking</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary">We will have to define these tries below. Note that the infinitive can consist
|
|
of multiple words; if so, the first word is run through the tries, and the
|
|
remaining words are left alone. For example, "grab onto" would be inflected
|
|
to "grabs onto", "grabbing onto" and so on.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">form</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">6</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP26"></a><b>§26. </b>Here we see our auxiliary verbs in use. For the negated present tense,
|
|
"Peter does not carry the ball"; for the negated past tense, "Peter did
|
|
not carry the ball" — in both cases, this is "to do" plus the infinitive
|
|
"take". For the perfect tenses, "to have" plus the past participle —
|
|
"Peter has carried the ball", "Peter had carried the ball". For the
|
|
future tense, "will" plus the infinitive — "Peter will carry the ball".
|
|
(We're actually not going to implement this as a verb because all its
|
|
forms are just "will", and because "to will" also means "to leave
|
|
a bequest".)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- ( </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">6</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- ( </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">* </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP27"></a><b>§27. </b>This looks odd, but what it says is that the present tense of a regular
|
|
English verb is always the infinitive (I take, you take, we take, and so on)
|
|
except for third person singular (he takes), which is different. (It's usually
|
|
what the plural of the infinitive would be if the infinitive were a noun,
|
|
as we'll see.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP28"></a><b>§28. </b>Now for our most irregular verb: "to be".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">being</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">are</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">is</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">are</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">are</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">are</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">was</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">was</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP29"></a><b>§29. </b>Except for tense formation (Peter "will" take the ball), the most common
|
|
modal verb which can be used in Inform source text is "can". For example:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>the number of people who can see the King</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">This is modal because it makes the seeing only a possibility, not an actuality.
|
|
An awkward thing about modal verbs in English is that they are deficient,
|
|
that is, not all their forms even exist. "Can" has no infinitive. ("To can"
|
|
means to put food into a sealed metal container, which isn't the same thing
|
|
at all.) "Can" also has no perfect or future tenses. On the other hand, it
|
|
does have inflected present and past tenses, and we need to implement that.
|
|
So we will invent the infinitive form "be able to", and make the verb from
|
|
that, but using "can" and "could" instead of "is able to" and "was able
|
|
to". "Can" is rather irregular as a verb: the third person singular doesn't
|
|
inflect ("he can", not "he cans"), and the negative is written "cannot"
|
|
instead of "can not", presumably because we find the two "n"s awkward
|
|
to elide, so we always pronounce it that way and the spelling now follows.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">can</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cannot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">could</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">could</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">will</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP30"></a><b>§30. </b>Inform has only a simple understanding of what "can" means, so it doesn't
|
|
allow the source text to use "can" in combination with arbitrary verbs.
|
|
Instead, each legal combination has to be declared explicitly:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>To be able to reach is a verb meaning ...</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Inform implements all of this by passing "be able to reach" through the
|
|
same verb-conjugation mechanisms as all other verbs ("take", "see", and
|
|
so on). But at least the conjugation used is now simple. Recall that when
|
|
the instructions grammar, right back at the start of this discussion of
|
|
verbs, chooses which conjugation to use, it converts the text matching
|
|
the wild-card <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">...</span></span> into the "adjoint infinitive" form (4). We get to
|
|
this conjugation by matching
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ...</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary">so, for example, "be able to reach" results in 4 being set to "reach".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Note also the construction <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">3 ( 4 )</span></span> in the passive. The 3 means "take the
|
|
past participle of the verb in brackets", and the 4 means that the text of
|
|
this verb's infinitive is the contents of verb form 4. So, for example,
|
|
for "be able to reach", <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">3 ( 4 )</span></span> expands to <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">3 ( reach )</span></span> which expands
|
|
to "reached", and we get passive forms like "Peter can be reached by
|
|
Jane".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">auxiliary</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ( </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">by</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP31"></a><b>§31. </b>The following handles the other English modal verbs ("might", "should"
|
|
and so on) surprisingly easily. The notation <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">++1</span></span> means that the verb
|
|
being modified should appear in verb form 1, and so on: for example,
|
|
"might not lead" as "might not" plus form 1 of "to lead", i.e., "lead".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP32"></a><b>§32. </b>That completes our basic kit of verbs nicely. What's left is used only
|
|
for generating text at run-time — for printing adaptive messages, that is;
|
|
none of these oddball exceptional cases is otherwise used as a verb in
|
|
Inform source text. None of them has any meaning to Inform.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Inform could fairly easily support the contractions "isn't", "aren't",
|
|
"wasn't", "can't" and so on, but we've chosen not to do so. They save
|
|
very little typing, and they greatly change the aesthetic style of Inform
|
|
source text without changing its functionality. (If we allowed them, some
|
|
authors would use them all the time, and other authors never, but others
|
|
still would mix them incoherently.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">But we still want people to be able to write adaptive text which uses
|
|
these contracted forms: otherwise, how could we write classic messages
|
|
like
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>You can't go that way.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">and have them adapt to other tenses and viewpoints?
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">First we'll tackle "to 's", the contracted form of "to be": I'm, you're,
|
|
and so on. Exactly how these contractions are used in different tenses is
|
|
something that varies with different dialects of English — for example,
|
|
"you'll not take the ball" is now a little obsolete except in rural
|
|
dialects — and we aren't even going to try to cope with that.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">being</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="character-syntax">'d been |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a4- '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">d</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="character-syntax">'ll be |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a5- '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ll</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'m | '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">re</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="character-syntax">'s | '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">re</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="character-syntax">'re | '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">re</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">was</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">was</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">were</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wasn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | weren'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wasn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | weren'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | weren'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP33"></a><b>§33. </b>And now "to 've", the contracted form of "to have". A subtle dialect
|
|
point here concerns the negated present tense:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Sorry, I don't have a clue. [US]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Sorry, I haven't got a clue. [British]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Sorry, I haven't a clue. [British, but antiquated]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Sorry, I didn't have a clue. [US or British]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Sorry, I hadn't got a clue. [British]</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">But the American forms are becoming more common in British English, so we'll
|
|
go with those.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">having</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">- <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hadn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a3+ <contracted-to-have-present> had |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a3- <contracted-to-have-present> not had |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a4+ '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">d</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="character-syntax">'d not had |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a5+ '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ll</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">- </span><span class="character-syntax">'ll not have</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"><contracted-to-have-present> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ve</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="character-syntax">'ve | '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="character-syntax">'ve | '</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ve</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="character-syntax">'ve</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP34"></a><b>§34. </b>Now we come to "aren't", a negated form of "to be", but where the
|
|
contraction occurs between the verb and the "not" rather than between
|
|
the subject and the verb.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Again, Inform doesn't know or care what this means. We're simply going to teach
|
|
it to conjugate it as if it were a verb in its own right. So "to aren't" will be
|
|
conjugated "I am not", "you aren't", "he isn't", and so on. (We don't
|
|
say "I amn't", possibly because the "mn" is too awkward, but possibly
|
|
also because we'd more likely say "I'm not". Because this would make the
|
|
spacing awkwardly difficult — we would need to backspace — we won't take
|
|
that option here.)
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">perfect</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hadn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t been |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a5+ won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">arent</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | isn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | aren'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"><arent-past> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> wasn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | wasn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t | weren'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weren</span><span class="character-syntax">'t</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"><arent-perfect> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> haven'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t been | hasn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t been | haven'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t been</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP35"></a><b>§35. </b>And finally: the contracted informal negatives of various modal verbs which
|
|
it's useful to be able to print, like the "can't" in
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>You can't go that way.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">English has more modal verbs than one tends to remember, and the definition
|
|
of "modal" itself arguable. This is the best we can do.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">6</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">future</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">7</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a2</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a4</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">5</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++2 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="constant-syntax">6</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">informal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">negated</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">7</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP36"></a><b>§36. </b>Together with special rules for can't, which is inevitably slightly different:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cant</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">conjugation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">not</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">of</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">time</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cant</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cant</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tabulation</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a1</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">can</span><span class="character-syntax">'t ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a2+ couldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a3</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ ( </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t ) been able to ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="character-syntax"> a4+ ( t2 haven'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ++1 |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a5</span><span class="plain-syntax">+ </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="character-syntax">'t be able to ++1</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP37"></a><b>§37. </b>We have special tries just to list the forms of the cases we will
|
|
deal with. Tries can do fancy things (see below), but here they act just as
|
|
a look-up table: for example, "won't" has present "won't", past
|
|
"wouldn't" and future "won't".
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Note that results of tries normally have to be single words; but that plus
|
|
signs can be used if we absolutely have to introduce spaces.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">can</span><span class="character-syntax">'t can'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="character-syntax">'t doesn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t hasn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="character-syntax">'t won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mayn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mayn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mightn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mightn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mustn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mustn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t wouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">couldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t couldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t shouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">can</span><span class="character-syntax">'t couldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="character-syntax">'t didn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t hadn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="character-syntax">'t wouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mayn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mayn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mightn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mightn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mustn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mustn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t wouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">couldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t couldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t shouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">modal</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">contracted</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">future</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">can</span><span class="character-syntax">'t won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">able</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="character-syntax">'t won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">haven</span><span class="character-syntax">'t won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="character-syntax">'t won'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mayn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mayn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mightn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mightn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mustn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t mustn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t wouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">couldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t couldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shouldn</span><span class="character-syntax">'t shouldn'</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP38"></a><b>§38. </b>That's the end of the conjugations — the easy part, it turns out. We now
|
|
need to create the four tries to make verb forms out of the infinitive:
|
|
the present participle, the past participle, the third-person singular
|
|
present tense, and the past tense.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">We'll start with the present participle. This is actually quite hard,
|
|
because in some cases it depends on pronunciation rather than spelling.
|
|
Greenbaum's "Oxford English Grammar" summarises the general rules at
|
|
4.16, as follows:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<ul class="items"><li>(a) If the base ends in -e but not -ee, -oe or -ye, drop the final -e before
|
|
adding -ing: thus drive to driving, but see to seeing, dye to dyeing, and so on.
|
|
</li><li>(b) If the base ends in -ie, as well as dropping the -e, also change the -i
|
|
to -y: thus die to dying, untie to untying.
|
|
</li><li>(c) If the base ends in a stressed syllable whose spelling ends with a single
|
|
vowel and then a single consonant, then double the consonant before adding -ing.
|
|
Thus tip to tipping (not tiping), but break to breaking (not breakking).
|
|
</li><li>(d) If the base ends in a vowel and then -c, add -king. This is not quite the
|
|
same as consonant doubling and doesn't depend on the stress; thus mimic to
|
|
mimicking, picnic to picnicking.
|
|
</li></ul>
|
|
<p class="commentary">These are fairly clear-cut rules, though English doesn't enforce them in all
|
|
cases, so that most dictionaries let you say either focusing or focussing, for
|
|
example, and either gluing or glueing (note that rule (a) drops the -e from
|
|
-ue endings, but it's not at all clear why this case should be different,
|
|
which may be why people are doubtful here); and in America participles like
|
|
traveling or programing or worshiping are allowed by some people (with -l, -m,
|
|
-me, -p endings), but they aren't universal. Inform will stick to traditional
|
|
English as described above.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">The tricky thing is that (c) is really a phonetic rule, not a spelling rule.
|
|
For example, we need to count a final -y and -w as vowels, not consonants,
|
|
because that's what they sound like. But at least that can be read from the
|
|
spelling, whereas the presence or absence of stress can't. An English word
|
|
generally stresses just one syllable, and always stresses at least one, so
|
|
a monosyllabic word is always stressed. With a polysyllabic word, there's
|
|
no easy way to tell. Consider deter to deterring (stress on second syllable
|
|
of deter), but meter to metering (stress on first syllable of meter).
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP39"></a><b>§39. </b>The following algorithm is due to Toby Nelson, who produced it from a
|
|
dictionary of 14,689 English verbs, some of them quite obscure (to torpefy,
|
|
anyone? to spuilzie? to cachinnate?). It's essentially a more detailed
|
|
version of Greenbaum's rules above.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">compound</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP40"></a><b>§40. </b>First of all there are some irregular cases — some for the usual suspects,
|
|
but others for oddball verbs where English breaks the normal phonetic rules
|
|
for the sake of clarity. For example, the participle of "singe" ought to
|
|
be "singing", but in fact we write "singeing", purely to make it different
|
|
from the act of producing a song.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">boob</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quod</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">squid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">whid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">salad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">invalid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stravaig</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoog</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoug</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yok</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spaniel</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vermeil</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">madam</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">buckram</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hem</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">emblem</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">item</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slalom</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alarum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">possum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chalan</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">challan</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tyran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">den</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unpen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">damaskin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trampolin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chagrin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">satin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">on</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">con</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fillip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">turnip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">galop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">up</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cup</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mortar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sker</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">deter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">disinter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reinter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aver</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abhor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">demur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">caucus</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sus</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">combat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">curat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quadrat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fidget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">target</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crochet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">epithet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ratchet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">let</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaflet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sublet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">net</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">benet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overnet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">basset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">closet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">corset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cosset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gusset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">posset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">roset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">russet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">briquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">coquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">duet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">covet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unrivet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">velvet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">discomfit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">profit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">limit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">delimit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vomit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">besit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">picot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pilot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parrot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">debut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">div</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ante</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> miscellaneous -e exceptions</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">binge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">birdie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">centre</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chasse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cicerone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dele</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ensilage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">facsimile</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">glace</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jeelie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">longe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lunge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ouglie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">peenge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quaere</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">queue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recce</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">route</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reroute</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">restringe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">saute</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">schappe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">segue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">singe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sortie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stymie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">winge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vogue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">whinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aleye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> a few -ye exceptions</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">baye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">herye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rallye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reaedifye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undersaye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span>
|
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP41"></a><b>§41. </b>Now some exceptional forms where consonant doubling doesn't occur:
|
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</p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">compound</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gosyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. boogieing</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ae</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. spaeing</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">quit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> acquitting, quitting, requitting</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> carburetting, sulphuretting</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">budget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> budgeting, underbudgeting</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">efer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> deferring, preferring, referring</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nfer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> conferring, inferring</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sfer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> retransferring, transferring</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bias</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> biassing, unbiassing</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bishop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> bishoping, unbishoping</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">woman</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> womaning, unwomaning</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">jambok</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> jambokking, sjambokking</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alog</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> dialoging, cataloging</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">daub</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> daubing, bedaubing</span>
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</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP42"></a><b>§42. </b>And now rules for consonant doubling:
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</p>
|
|
|
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiouy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0b</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dglmpw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bhlnrtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bklr</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">id</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cdghlnprst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">od</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bchmprtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ud</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiouy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">g</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdhiklmnprstuv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">al</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmnprstuvwz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">el</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cfmnrtv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">il</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcrtv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ol</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cn</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ul</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdghjlprw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">glt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklnrw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">im</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lom</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcghlmrstv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">um</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcflmptvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ry</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklprtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">on</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dfghprst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">un</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cdghjlmnprstwyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ap</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">klprt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklnprtuyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bdhmprstuw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">op</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhpst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">up</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">yp</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcfhjmnptw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fhmst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ir</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bclp</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bgmpv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">as</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">mnrsu</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">hmpw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">is</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcds</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">os</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bclm</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">us</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcfhlmprtuvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghjstvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">et</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fhlmnptw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">it</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdhjlnprstw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcghjlmnprt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ei</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">v</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iz</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zing</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP43"></a><b>§43. </b>Finally:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">king</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eoy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ying</span>
|
|
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP44"></a><b>§44. </b>Next the past participle. As noted above, for most verbs this is the same
|
|
as the past (e.g., he agreed and it was agreed); but there's a list of
|
|
exceptions for Anglo-Saxon survivals (e.g., he chose and it was chosen).
|
|
The exceptional cases were derived from Wikipedia's catalogue of irregular
|
|
English verbs as it stood in May 2011, with a few archaisms and obscenities
|
|
removed.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">been</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">did</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arisen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">borne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">become</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">become</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befall</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befallen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespeak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">choose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chosen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cleave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cloven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">come</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">come</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dived</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">draw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">driven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fall</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fallen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fly</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forborne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forego</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foregone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forelie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forlain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foresee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreseen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgiven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forswear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">freeze</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frozen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghostwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghostwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">give</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">given</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">go</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interweave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interwoven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">know</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">known</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbeget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbegotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mischoose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mischosen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgiven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misknow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misknown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshape</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshapen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspeak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overborne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overblow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overblown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overclothe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overclad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdriven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overeat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overeaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfly</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overflown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overgrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overgrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">override</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overseen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plead</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retrodden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">risen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">riven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">saw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">see</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shorn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shodden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">show</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shriven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">speak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sprung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">steal</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stolen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strike</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stricken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swollen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">take</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">torn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thriven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">throw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trodden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underborne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">woken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">woven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wrung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">write</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">written</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP45"></a><b>§45. </b>That's the mandatory participles sorted out; so now we move on to the two
|
|
additional verb forms used by English. First, the present form: a curiosity
|
|
of English is that this is almost always formed as if it were the plural of the
|
|
infinitive — thus "touch" becomes "touches". There are just a handful
|
|
of exceptions to this.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">verb</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">form</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">third</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">person</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">its</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">third</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">person</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">present</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">is</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">has</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">does</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP46"></a><b>§46. </b>Second, the past. This is harder. Once again we have a catalogue of
|
|
Anglo-Saxon past forms (e.g., he chose, not he chooses); and after those
|
|
are out of the way, the rules are the same as for the present participle,
|
|
except for adding -ed instead of -ing. The tricky part, again, is spotting
|
|
when to double the consonant, which again depends on stress.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">compound</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">be</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">was</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">do</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">did</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">go</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">went</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">on</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">up</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">buy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">con</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cup</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">den</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dig</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dug</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">div</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">don</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ate</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fly</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">get</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">got</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hem</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">let</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">let</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">let</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">net</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ante</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">paid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">penned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">put</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">put</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">say</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">said</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">see</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">saw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sus</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aver</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wedded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wetted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">win</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">yok</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">baye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abhor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abided</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bided</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">boob</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burnt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">come</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">came</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">deal</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dealt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dele</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dragged</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">draw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">duet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fall</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">feed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">feel</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">felt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">find</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">found</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">give</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">have</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">had</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">heard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">held</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hurt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hurt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">item</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">keep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">know</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lead</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">aleye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lost</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">make</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">made</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mean</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meant</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">met</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quod</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">read</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">read</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">send</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sank</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sker</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slipped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">span</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swim</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swam</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">take</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">took</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">told</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trek</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awoke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">woke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">whid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">began</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">benet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">besit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">binge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bleed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">breed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">build</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">built</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burst</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burst</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">catch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">caught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">covet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">creep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">curat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">debut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">demur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">deter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drank</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fight</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forwent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">galop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">glace</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ground</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">herye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hoise</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hoist</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inlay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">input</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">input</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kneel</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knelt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alarum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">left</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">light</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">limit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">longe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lunge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">madam</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">picot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pilot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">queue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reft</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recce</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">repay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">repaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">roset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">route</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">salad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">satin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">saute</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoog</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">scoug</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">segue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shall</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">should</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shape</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shined</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">singe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sleep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">speak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">speed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spelt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">split</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">split</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">squid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stand</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">steal</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stole</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stick</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stuck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stank</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sweep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">teach</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">think</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">throw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">threw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trod</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tyran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unpen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vogue</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vomit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">winge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worth</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worth</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wrang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">write</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ballot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">basset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">become</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">became</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befall</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">behold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">birdie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">caucus</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">centre</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chalan</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chasse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">choose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cleave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">closet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clothe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clothed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">combat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">coquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">corset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cosset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">emblem</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fidget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fillip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forego</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forewent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">freeze</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">froze</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gusset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jeelie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misfit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misfitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mortar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">naysay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">naysaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ouglie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">output</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">output</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parrot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">peenge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">posset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">possum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prepay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prepaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">profit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quaere</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rallye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">re</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">re</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">laid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">remake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">remade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">russet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrank</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slalom</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sortie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sprang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strike</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">struck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">string</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stymie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sublet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sublet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">target</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">throve</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">turnip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unhear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unmake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unmade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">uphold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">velvet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">waylay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">waylaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">whinge</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">writhe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">writhed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beseech</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">besought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespeak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespoke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">briquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">buckram</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chagrin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">challan</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crochet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">delimit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">epithet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forelay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forelaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forelie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forlay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foresee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foresaw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gainsay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gainsaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inbreed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">invalid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaflet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lipread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lipread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdeal</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdealt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misfeed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misfed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misgave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miskeep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miskept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misknow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misknew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislead</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outrode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswim</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswam</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outtell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outtold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overeat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overate</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfly</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overflew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overnet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overpay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overpaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversaw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parquet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">podcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">podcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">precast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">precast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quadrat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ratchet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebuild</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reinter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reroute</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reshoot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rethink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rethought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retrod</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">schappe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spaniel</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergo</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unrivet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vermeil</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">webcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">webcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backbite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backbit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bespread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestrode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cicerone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crosscut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crosscut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">damaskin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">disinter</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ensilage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foretell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foretold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forswear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forswore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">intercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">intercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbeget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbegot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshape</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshaped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshoot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspeak</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspoke</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspelt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outfight</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outfought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overblow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overblew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcame</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfeed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overgrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overgrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">override</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overrode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslipped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sightsee</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sightsaw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stravaig</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">telecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">telecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unclothe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unclothed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbuy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdig</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdug</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underpay</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underpaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underran</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unfreeze</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unfroze</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withhold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broadcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broadcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">discomfit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">facsimile</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecame</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mischoose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mischose</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrust</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrust</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbreed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuild</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrink</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrank</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrive</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshine</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshoot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversleep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslide</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overswing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overswung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proofread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proofread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reaedifye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">restringe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">simulcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">simulcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trampolin</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbear</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbore</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdraw</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underdrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underfeed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underfed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergrow</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergrew</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underhang</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underhung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undersaye</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undersell</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undersold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertake</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertook</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withstand</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withstood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghostwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghostwrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interbreed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interweave</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interwove</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overclothe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overclothed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstride</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstrode</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbuild</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undershoot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undershot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underspend</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">understand</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">understood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwrite</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwrote</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underclothe</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underclothed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misunderstand</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misunderstood</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">irregular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">compound</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gosyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ie</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. boogied</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ae</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. spaed</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">quit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> acquitted , quitted , requitted</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uret</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> carburetted , sulphuretted</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">budget</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> budgeted , underbudgeted</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">efer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> deferred , preferred , referred</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nfer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> conferred , inferred</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sfer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> retransferred , transferred</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bias</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> biassed , unbiassed</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bishop</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> bishoped , unbishoped</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">woman</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> womaned , unwomaned</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">jambok</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> jambokked , sjambokked</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alog</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> dialoged , cataloged</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">daub</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> daubed , bedaubed</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiouy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0b</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dglmpw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bhlnrtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bklr</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">id</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cdghlnprst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">od</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bchmprtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ud</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiouy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">g</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ged</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdhiklmnprstuv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">al</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmnprstuvwz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">el</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cfmnrtv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">il</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcrtv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ol</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cn</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ul</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdghjlprw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">glt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklnrw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">im</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lom</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcghlmrstv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">um</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">med</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcflmptvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">an</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ry</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklprtw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">on</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dfghprst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">un</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cdghjlmnprstwyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ap</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">klprt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ep</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhklnprtuyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bdhmprstuw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">op</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dhpst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">up</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">yp</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcfhjmnptw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ar</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fhmst</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ir</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">dor</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bclp</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ur</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">red</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bgmpv</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">as</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">mnrsu</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">es</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">hmpw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">is</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcds</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">os</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bclm</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">us</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcfhlmprtuvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ghjstvw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">et</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fhlmnptw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">it</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdhjlnprstw</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcghjlmnprt</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">ut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ei</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">v</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iz</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">zed</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">b</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> magicked</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eioy</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> dried</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> played, conveyed, convoyed, guyed, preyed</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">past</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ied</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> shied, tried</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP47"></a><b>§47. Present to past participles. </b>Sentences like
|
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</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
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<p>The verb to carry means the carrying relation.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
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|
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<p class="commentary">are only one way in which Inform creates new verbs; it also implicitly creates
|
|
verbs when actions are declared:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<blockquote>
|
|
<p>Smoothing is an action applying to one thing.</p>
|
|
</blockquote>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">Verbs like this are not stored in anything like the full conjugations above;
|
|
the action knows just two forms of its verb, the present and past participles.
|
|
This time the base text is the present participle ("smoothing"); the other
|
|
inflection we need is the past participle ("smoothed"), and we need a trie
|
|
which generates it from the present. This process is called "pasturising",
|
|
which is, er, not actually an approved term from linguistics.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="commentary">English is replete with exceptions — "catching" must become "caught",
|
|
not "catched", for instance — so this trie consists of about 460 special
|
|
cases followed by two general rules.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">participle</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">exceptions</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax">> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> ... <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
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|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">exceptions</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">abided</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">alighted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arising</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">arisen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">awakened</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backbiting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backbitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backsliding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">backslidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">born</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beating</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">becoming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">become</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befalling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">befallen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begeting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">begun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beholding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bereaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bereaved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beseeching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">besought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">besetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">beset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestrewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bestrewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">betting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">betaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">betaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bethinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bethought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">binding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">biting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bleeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">blown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">breaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">breeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">brought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broadcasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">broadcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeating</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">browbeaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">building</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">built</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bursting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">burst</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">busting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">busted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">buying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">casting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">catching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">caught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chided</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">choosing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">chosen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">claping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clapped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clothing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">clothed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">coming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">come</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">costing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cost</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">creeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crossbreeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">crossbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">daring</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dared</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">daydreaming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">daydreamed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dealing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dealt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">diging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dug</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dighted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">disproving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">disproved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">diving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dived</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">doing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dreaming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dreamed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">drunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">driving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">driven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dwelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">dwelt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eating</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">eaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">enwinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">enwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">falling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fallen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">felt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">finding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">found</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fleeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">flown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forborne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forbidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fordoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fordone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forecasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foregoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foregone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreknown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreruning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreseeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreseen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreshowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foreshown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forespeaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forespoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foretelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">foretold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgotten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgiving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forgiven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forswearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">forsworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fraughting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">fraught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">freezing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frozen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frostbiting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">frostbitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gainsaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gainsaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">getting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">got</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gilding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gilded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">giving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">given</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">going</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ground</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">growing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">halterbreaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">halterbroken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hamstringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hamstrung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hand</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hand</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">handwriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">handwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hanging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">heard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">heaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">heaved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">holding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">held</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hurting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">hurt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inbreeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inputing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">input</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">insetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interbreeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">intercutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">intercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">intersetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interweaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interwoven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interwinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">interwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inweaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inwoven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jerry</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">building</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">jerry</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">built</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">keeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kneeling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knelt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">knowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">known</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">landsliding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">landslid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">laid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">led</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">learning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">learned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">leaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">left</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">letting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">let</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lieing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lip</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">reading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lip</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">read</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">losing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lost</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">making</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">made</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meant</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meeting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">met</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecoming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misbecome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miscut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdealing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdealt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mishit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misleading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislearning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mislearned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misreading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspeaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspelled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misswearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">missworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misteaching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistaught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mistold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misthinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misthought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misunderstanding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misunderstood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">misweding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">miswritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mowed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">offsetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">offset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbreeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdriving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outdriven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outfighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outfought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outflying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outflown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outgrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outleaping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outleaped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outputing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">output</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outriding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outruning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outseeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outseen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outselling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshined</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshooting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsleeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outslept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsmelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsmelled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspeaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspeeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outspringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsprung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outstanding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outstood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outsworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswiming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outswum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outtelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outtold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outthrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">outwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overborne</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbreeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbred</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuilding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbuying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overbought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcoming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcome</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overcut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overdrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overeating</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overeaten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfeeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overfed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhanging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overhearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overleaping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overleaped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlieing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overlain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overpaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overpaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overriding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overruning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overseeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overseen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overselling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshooting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversleeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overslept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspeaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspilling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspilled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspreading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overspringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">oversprung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstanding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstrewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstrewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstriding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstriking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overstruck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overtaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overthinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overthought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overthrowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overthrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">overwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">partaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">paying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">paid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pleading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pleaded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">praying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prayed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prebuilding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prebuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">predoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">predone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">premaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">premade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prepaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prepaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preselling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">presold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">presetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preshrinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">preshrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">presplitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">presplit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proofreading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proofread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">proven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">putting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">put</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quick</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">freezing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quick</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">frozen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quiting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">quit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">read</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reawaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reawaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebroadcasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebroadcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebuilding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rebuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">recut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redealing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redealt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redrawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">redrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reeving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reeved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">refitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">refitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reground</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">regrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rehanging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rehung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rehearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reheard</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reknitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reknitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relearning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relearned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relighting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">relit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">remaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">remade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">repaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">repaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rereading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reruning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rerun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reselling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">resewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reteaching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retaught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retorn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rethinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rethought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retreading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retrofitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">retrofitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reweaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewoven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reweding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">reweting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewon</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rewritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">riding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">riding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">rising</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">risen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">riving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">riven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">roughcasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">roughcast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">running</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">run</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sand</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">casting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sand</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sawed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">saying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">said</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">seeking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">self</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">self</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">self</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">self</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">selling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">setting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shaved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sheared</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sheding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shined</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoeing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shoed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shooting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">showing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shrunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shriving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shriven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">shut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sight</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">reading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sight</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">read</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">singing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">siting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">skywriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">skywritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sleeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sliding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slinked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">slit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smelled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smiting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">smitten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sneaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sneaked</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sowing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">speaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">speeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spelled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spilling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spilled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spinning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spit</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">splitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">split</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoiling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoiled</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoon</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spoon</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spreading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">spread</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">springing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sprung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stall</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stall</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">fed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">standing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">staving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">staved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stealing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stolen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sticking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stuck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stunk</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stridden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">struck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">strung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">stripped</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">striven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">subletting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sublet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunburning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sunburned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sweating</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sweat</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sweeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swelling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swollen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swiming</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swum</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">swung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">teaching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">taught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">tearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">torn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">telecasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">telecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">telling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">told</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">test</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">driving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">test</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">driven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">test</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">flying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">test</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">flown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thriving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrived</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">throwing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrown</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrusting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">thrust</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">treading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">trodden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">troubleshooting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">troubleshot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typecasting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typecast</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typesetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typeset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typewriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">typewritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unborn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbuilding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unbuilt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbuying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underbought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercutting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undercut</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underfeeding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underfed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undergone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underletting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlieing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underlain</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underruning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underrun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underselling</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undersold</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undershooting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undershot</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underspending</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underspent</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">understanding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">understood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undertaken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underthrusting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underthrust</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">underwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undoing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undone</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undrawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">undrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unfreezing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unfrozen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unhanging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unhung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unhiding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unhidden</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unholding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unknitting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unknitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unlading</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unladen</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unlaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unlaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unlearning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unlearned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unmaking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unmade</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unreeving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unreeved</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsewing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsewn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unslinging</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unslung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unspining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unspun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsticking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unstuck</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unstringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unstrung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unswearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unsworn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unteaching</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">untaught</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unthinking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unthought</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unweaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwoven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwinding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwriting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">unwritten</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upholding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upsetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">upset</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vexing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vexed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">waking</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">woken</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">waylaying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">waylaid</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wearing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weaving</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">woven</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">weeping</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wept</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wetting</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wet</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wining</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">won</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">winding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wound</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdrawing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withdrawn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withholding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withheld</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withstanding</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">withstood</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wringing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wrung</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">writing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">written</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., "slaying" to "slayed"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">eying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., "preying" to "preyed"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">oying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., "toying" to "toyed"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ying</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ied</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., "verifying" to "verified"</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trie</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pasturise</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">regular</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ed</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g., "smashing" to "smashed"</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP48"></a><b>§48. Adjective agreements. </b>English doesn't inflect adjectives at all (let's not argue about "blond"
|
|
and "blonde"), so the following are just stubs.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">masculine</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feminine</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singular</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">masculine</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">feminine</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP49"></a><b>§49. </b>Grading of adjectives is more interesting. These spelling rules are taken
|
|
from the Oxford English Grammar at 4.24, "Gradability and comparison".
|
|
Something we can't easily implement is that a final vowel plus consonant
|
|
doesn't result in doubling the consonant (in the way that "big" becomes
|
|
"bigger") if that closing syllable is unstressed, but fortunately this is
|
|
rare in English adjectives.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">comparative</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">good</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">better</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">well</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">better</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">far</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">farther</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">er</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "close" to "closer"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvwxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ier</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "ugly" to "uglier"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">er</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "cheap" to "cheaper", not "cheapper"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">er</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "fit" to "fitter"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">er</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">superlative</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">good</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">best</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">well</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">best</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bad</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">worst</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">far</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">farthest</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">e</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">est</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvwxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iest</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">est</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">aeiou</span><span class="plain-syntax">><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">est</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">est</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP50"></a><b>§50. </b>To the best of my knowledge there's no technical term for "the noun which
|
|
is formed from an adjective to refer to the quality it measures", so the
|
|
Inform source code calls this the "quiddity". English permits several
|
|
competing forms of these to be constructed, depending on the adjective's
|
|
spelling (for example, "brutal" can become "brutality", but "small" can't
|
|
become "smallity"), but in general, except for Anglo-Saxon cases, the "-ness"
|
|
suffix seems universally possible. For simplicity we'll use that; note the
|
|
OEG's warning at 9.21 that this avoids problems where these forms, though
|
|
notionally equivalent, have diverged in meaning: e.g., "casualty" should
|
|
mean the same as "casualness", but no longer does. The "-ness" form is
|
|
sometimes less elegant, but never means the wrong thing.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">to</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">quiddity</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ong</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ength</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "strong" to "strength"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> *<</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bcdfghkmlnprstvwxyz</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span><span class="identifier-syntax">y</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iness</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="comment-syntax"> e.g. "happy" to "happiness"</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ness</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP51"></a><b>§51. </b>English has almost no noun cases at all, with the only exceptions being
|
|
Anglo-Saxon pronouns (thus we distinguish "they" and "them" as nominative
|
|
and accusative, for example); and pronouns we handle separately in any
|
|
case. We won't bother to distinguish gender:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">grammatical</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nominative</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="identifier-syntax">accusative</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">group</span><span class="plain-syntax">> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tables</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP52"></a><b>§52. </b>And the sorting into groups sorts everything into "group 1", the only group:
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">group</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tables</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uninflected</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP53"></a><b>§53. </b>And in this single group, nominative and accusative forms are identical
|
|
to the stem in both singular and plural.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">uninflected</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax"> | </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP54"></a><b>§54. </b>English articles only inflect slightly, to show indefinite plurals; they
|
|
don't distinguish nominative from accusative.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">article</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> * <</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">article</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">></span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"><</span><span class="identifier-syntax">en</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">article</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">declension</span><span class="plain-syntax">> ::=</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">a</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">some</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">some</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">the</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">the</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">the</span><span class="plain-syntax"> |</span>
|
|
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">the</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">the</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
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