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Graham Nelson 05d4924293 Further linguistic reforms
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<title>Classifying Sentences</title>
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<!--Weave of 'Classifying Sentences' generated by Inweb-->
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Inform7 Modules</a></li><li><a href="index.html">core</a></li><li><a href="index.html#3">Chapter 3: Bridge to Words Module</a></li><li><b>Classifying Sentences</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">To work out the verbs used and to diagram sentences in the source.</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="3-cs.html#SP1">&#167;1. Traversing for primary verbs</a></li><li><a href="3-cs.html#SP3">&#167;3. Textual sentences</a></li><li><a href="3-cs.html#SP4">&#167;4. Classifying a single sentence</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1"></a><b>&#167;1. Traversing for primary verbs. </b>The story so far: the <a href="../supervisor-module/index.html" class="internal">supervisor</a> module has arranged for the source
text to be read in by <a href="../words-module/index.html" class="internal">words</a> and has made a rudimentary parse tree for
it using <a href="../syntax-module/index.html" class="internal">syntax</a>. Certain "structural" sentences, such as headings, have
been taken care of, and turned into nodes with types like <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">HEADING_NT</span></span>.
</p>
<p class="commentary">But the assertions we want to read &mdash; such as "The Mona Lisa is in the Louvre",
or "The plural of major general is majors general" &mdash; are all simply
<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span></span> nodes with no children. The following traverse begins Inform's
compilation process in earnest: for each such <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span></span> node, it asks
the <a href="../linguistics-module/index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a> module to identify a primary verb, noun phrases and so
on, placing them in a subtree.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">classification_traverse_done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::traverse</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::traverse</span></span>:<br/>How To Compile - <a href="1-htc.html#SP2_3">&#167;2.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SyntaxTree::traverse</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><a href="3-cs.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::visit</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">classification_traverse_done</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::visit</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRACE_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SyntaxTree::toggle_trace</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Log::tracing_on</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">SyntaxTree::is_trace_set</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">()), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"Diagramming"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="3-cs.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>Certain extra sentences, called "inventions", are sometimes created after
that traverse takes place: those extra <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span></span> nodes therefore won't
be caught. Extra sentences can happen in two ways:
</p>
<ul class="items"><li>(a) When additional text is fed to the lexer and sentence-broken by the
<a href="../syntax-module/index.html" class="internal">syntax</a> module, at which point <a href="../syntax-module/index.html" class="internal">syntax</a> calls the function below
because we have given it as a callback.
</li><li>(b) When explicit rearrangement of the tree causes new <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span></span> nodes
to be created. Any code doing this should call the following function
explicitly.
</li></ul>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">NEW_NONSTRUCTURAL_SENTENCE_SYNTAX_CALLBACK</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="3-cs.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::visit_extra_sentence</span></a>
</pre>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::visit_extra_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">classification_traverse_done</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="3-cs.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3"></a><b>&#167;3. Textual sentences. </b>"Textual" sentences are not really sentences at all, and are just double-quoted
text used in isolation &mdash; Inform sometimes recognises these as being implicit
property values, as for the description of a room just created. These sentences
are necessarily exempt from having a primary verb.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence_is_textual</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup2')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup2">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence_is_textual</span></span>:<br/><a href="3-cs.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Traverse for Assertions - <a href="9-tfa.html#SP9_1">&#167;9.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::length</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) == </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Vocabulary::test_flags</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">)), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TEXT_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">TEXTWITHSUBS_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">)))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4"></a><b>&#167;4. Classifying a single sentence. </b>Every <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span></span> node, however it is constructed, therefore ends up here,
and we ask the <a href="../linguistics-module/index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a> module to "diagram" it.
</p>
<p class="commentary">See <a href="../linguistics-module/P-asd.html" class="internal">About Sentence Diagrams (in linguistics)</a> for many examples.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup3')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup3">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence</span></span>:<br/><a href="3-cs.html#SP1">&#167;1</a>, <a href="3-cs.html#SP2">&#167;2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">save</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="3-cs.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Classifying::sentence_is_textual</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;sentence-without-occurrences&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VP_PN</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;&lt;rp&gt;&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Annotations::read_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VP_PN</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">linguistic_error_here_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TwoLikelihoods_LINERROR:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP4_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_TwoLikelihoods problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SyntaxTree::graft</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">VP_PN</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">SyntaxTree::is_trace_set</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">())) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"$T\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP4_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Check that this is allowed, if it occurs in the Options file</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.2</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IF_MODULE</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PL::MapDirections::look_for_direction_creation</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="15-ps.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">PropertySentences::look_for_property_creation</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"$T\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;no-primary-verb-diagnosis&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">save</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_1"></a><b>&#167;4.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_TwoLikelihoods problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_TwoLikelihoods</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"this sentence seems to have a likelihood qualification on both "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"sides of the verb"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"which is not allowed. 'The black door certainly is usually open' "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"might possibly be grammatical English in some idioms, but Inform "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"doesn't like a sentence in this shape because the 'certainly' "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"on one side of the verb and the 'usually' on the other are "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"rival indications of certainty."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_2"></a><b>&#167;4.2. </b>Only special-meaning sentences are allowed in Options files, and not all
of those.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Check that this is allowed, if it occurs in the Options file</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::within</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options_file_wording</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">special_meaning_holder</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sm</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_special_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sm</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) ||</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">SpecialMeanings::call</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sm</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">ALLOW_IN_OPTIONS_FILE_SMFT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::unlocated_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">BelievedImpossible</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="comment-syntax"> not convenient to test automatically, anyway</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"The options file placed in this installation of Inform's folder "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"is incorrect, making use of a sentence form which isn't allowed "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"in that situation. The options file is only allowed to contain "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"use options, Test ... with..., and Release along with... "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"instructions."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5"></a><b>&#167;5. </b>From the earliest beta-testing, the problem message for "I can't find a verb"
split into cases. Inform is quite sensitive to punctuation errors as between
comma, paragraph break and semicolon, and this is where that sensitivity begins
to bite. The grammar below is just a set of heuristics, really: once we enter
this, a problem message of some kind will certainly result.
</p>
<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;no-primary-verb-diagnosis&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;no-primary-verb-diagnosis-tail&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">before/every/after/when/instead/check/carry/report</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_RuleWithoutColon problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></a></span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_IfOutsidePhrase problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.2</span></a></span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">,</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_NoSuchVerbComma problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.3</span></a></span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_4" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_NoSuchVerb problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.4</span></a></span>
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;no-primary-verb-diagnosis-tail&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;rc-marker&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;certainty&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;nonimperative-verb&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { advance Wordings::delta(WR[1], W) }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;rc-marker&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;nonimperative-verb&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { advance Wordings::delta(WR[1], W) }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;past-tense-verb&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_5" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_NonPresentTense problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.5</span></a></span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;negated-verb&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">...</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="3-cs.html#SP5_6" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue PM_NegatedVerb1 problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.6</span></a></span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_1"></a><b>&#167;5.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_RuleWithoutColon problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></span><span class="Preform-comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_RuleWithoutColon</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"I can't find a verb that I know how to deal with, so can't do anything "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"with this sentence. It looks as if it might be a rule definition"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"but if so then it is lacking the necessary colon (or comma). "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"The punctuation style for rules is 'Rule conditions: do this; "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"do that; do some more.' Perhaps you used a full stop instead "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"of the colon?"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_2"></a><b>&#167;5.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_IfOutsidePhrase problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_IfOutsidePhrase</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"I can't find a verb that I know how to deal with. This looks like an 'if' "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"phrase which has slipped its moorings"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"so I am ignoring it. ('If' phrases, like all other such "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"instructions, belong inside definitions of rules or phrases - "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"not as sentences which have no context. Maybe a full stop or a "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"skipped line was accidentally used instead of semicolon, so that you "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"inadvertently ended the last rule early?)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_3"></a><b>&#167;5.3. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_NoSuchVerbComma problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_NoSuchVerbComma</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"In the sentence %1, I can't find a verb that I know how to deal with. "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"(I notice there's a comma here, which is sometimes used to abbreviate "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"rules which would normally be written with a colon - for instance, "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"'Before taking: say \"You draw breath.\"' can be abbreviated to 'Before "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"taking, say...' - but that's only allowed for Before, Instead and "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"After rules. I mention all this in case you meant this sentence "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"as a rule in some rulebook, but used a comma where there should "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"have been a colon ':'?)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_4"></a><b>&#167;5.4. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_NoSuchVerb problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.4</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_NoSuchVerb</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"In the sentence %1, I can't find a verb that I know how to deal with."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_5"></a><b>&#167;5.5. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_NonPresentTense problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.5</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Annotations::read_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">verb_problem_issued_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Annotations::write_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">verb_problem_issued_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_NonPresentTense</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"assertions about the initial state of play must be given in the "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"present tense"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"so 'The cat is in the basket' is fine but not 'The cat has been in "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"the basket'. Time is presumed to start only when the game begins, so "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"there is no anterior state which we can speak of."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_6"></a><b>&#167;5.6. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue PM_NegatedVerb1 problem</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.6</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Annotations::read_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">verb_problem_issued_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Annotations::write_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">verb_problem_issued_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::negative_sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_NegatedVerb1</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="3-cs.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
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