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<!--Weave of '3/plr' generated by 7-->
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../webs.html">★</a></li><li><a href="index.html">inflections</a></li><li><a href="index.html#3">Chapter 3: Grammatical Uses of Inflection</a></li><li><b>Pluralisation</b></li></ul><p class="purpose">To form plurals of nouns.</p>
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<ul class="toc"><li><a href="#SP1">§1. Dictionary</a></li><li><a href="#SP3">§3. Searching the plural dictionary</a></li><li><a href="#SP4">§4. The pluralizing trie</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP1"></a><b>§1. Dictionary. </b>A modest dictionary of plurals is maintained to allow the user to record
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better plurals than the ones we would make ourselves. This assumes that a
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plural can be constructed without knowledge of context, but that works in
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almost all cases. (Arguably "dwarf" should pluralise to "dwarfs" when
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discussing stars and to "dwarves" when reading Tolkien, but it is devoutly
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to be hoped that few works of IF will contain both at once.)
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
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<span class="identifier">PREFORM_LANGUAGE_TYPE</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">defined_in</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">singular_form</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">words of singular form</span>
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<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">plural_form</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">words of plural form</span>
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<span class="identifier">MEMORY_MANAGEMENT</span>
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<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The structure plural_dictionary_entry is accessed in 3/vc and here.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP2"></a><b>§2. </b>Note that we are entirely allowed to register a new plural for a phrase
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which already has a plural in the dictionary, even for the same language,
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which is why we do not trouble to search the existing dictionary here.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Pluralisation::register</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">P</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">PREFORM_LANGUAGE_TYPE</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">CREATE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>singular_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>plural_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">P</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>defined_in</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">CONSTRUCTED_PLURALS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"[Registering plural of %W as %W]\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">S</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">P</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Pluralisation::register appears nowhere else.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP3"></a><b>§3. Searching the plural dictionary. </b>The following routine can either be called once only — in which case it
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yields up the best known plural for the phrase — or iteratively, in which
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case it serves up all known plurals of the given phrase, starting with the
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best (the earliest defined in the text, if any plural for this phrase has
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been so defined) and finishing up with the worst (a mechanically-made
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one not found in the dictionary).
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Pluralisation::make</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">PW</span><span class="plain">,</span>
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<span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">PREFORM_LANGUAGE_TYPE</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">English_language</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::empty</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">)) { *</span><span class="identifier">PW</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">EMPTY_WORDING</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">; }</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">FIRST_OBJECT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NEXT_OBJECT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">for</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">search_from</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NEXT_OBJECT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">plural_dictionary_entry</span><span class="plain">))</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>defined_in</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) || (</span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>defined_in</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">))</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::match</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>singular_form</span><span class="plain">)) {</span>
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<span class="plain">*</span><span class="identifier">PW</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>plural_form</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">pde</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Make a new plural by lexical writing back</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">3.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Pluralisation::make is used in 2/nc (<a href="2-nc.html#SP3_1">§3.1</a>).</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP3_1"></a><b>§3.1. </b>When the dictionary fails us, we use lexical rewriting to construct plurals
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of phrases found only in the singular in the source. For instance, if the
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designer says that "A wicker basket is a kind of container" then NI will
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need to recognise not only "wicker basket" but also "wicker baskets", a
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pair of words not found in the source text anywhere. So the following
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routine takes the text <code class="display"><span class="extract">(w1, w2)</span></code> and feeds a suitable plural into the
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lexer, emerging with the text <code class="display"><span class="extract">(plw1, plw2)</span></code>.
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</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph">We do not write the new plural into the dictionary: there is no need, as
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it can be rebuilt quickly whenever needed again.
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</p>
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<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Make a new plural by lexical writing back</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">3.1</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="identifier">feed_t</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">id</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Feeds::begin</span><span class="plain">();</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::length</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">) > 1) </span><span class="identifier">Feeds::feed_wording</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::trim_last_word</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">));</span>
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">last_wn</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Wordings::last_wn</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">TEMPORARY_TEXT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">original</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">TEMPORARY_TEXT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pluralised</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">WRITE_TO</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">original</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"%+W"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">Wordings::one_word</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">last_wn</span><span class="plain">));</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (*(</span><span class="identifier">Lexer::word_text</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">last_wn</span><span class="plain">)) == </span><span class="character">'\</span><span class="plain">"</span><span class="character">'</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">WRITE_TO</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pluralised</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"some-long-text"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Pluralisation::regular</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pluralised</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">original</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">Feeds::feed_stream</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pluralised</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">*</span><span class="identifier">PW</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Feeds::end</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">id</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">DISCARD_TEXT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">original</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">DISCARD_TEXT</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">pluralised</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">CONSTRUCTED_PLURALS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"[Constructing plural of %W as %W]\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">, *</span><span class="identifier">PW</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP3">§3</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4"></a><b>§4. The pluralizing trie. </b>The following takes a single word, assumes it to be a noun which meaningfully
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has a plural, and modifies it to the plural form.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Pluralisation::regular</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">text_stream</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">from</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">PREFORM_LANGUAGE_TYPE</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">English_language</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">match_avinue</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">plural_trie</span><span class="plain"> =</span>
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<span class="functiontext">Preform::Nonparsing::define_trie</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">singular</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">noun</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">to</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">its</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">plural</span><span class="plain">>, </span><span class="identifier">TRIE_END</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">nl</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Inflections::suffix_inflection</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">OUT</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">plural_trie</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">from</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Pluralisation::regular is used in <a href="#SP3_1">§3.1</a>.</p>
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<hr class="tocbar">
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<ul class="toc"><li><a href="3-dcl.html">Back to 'Declensions'</a></li><li><a href="3-ga.html">Continue with 'Grading Adjectives'</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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