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<!--Weave of '3/aap' generated by 7-->
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../webs.html">★</a></li><li><a href="index.html">linguistics</a></li><li><a href="index.html#3">Chapter 3: Grammatical Categories I</a></li><li><b>Articles and Pronouns</b></li></ul><p class="purpose">To define some elementary particles.</p>
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<ul class="toc"><li><a href="#SP1">§1. Pronouns</a></li><li><a href="#SP2">§2. Possessives</a></li><li><a href="#SP3">§3. Articles</a></li><li><a href="#SP7">§7. Participles</a></li><li><a href="#SP8">§8. Negation</a></li><li><a href="#SP9">§9. Marking for Preform efficiency</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP1"></a><b>§1. Pronouns. </b>We now define some grammatical basics. These are all very simple, and the user
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can't create new instances of them — whereas the source text can make new
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adjectives, verbs and nouns, it can't make new pronouns.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">pronoun</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">nominative</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">pronoun</span><span class="plain">> | ==> </span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain">[1]</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">accusative</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">pronoun</span><span class="plain">> ==> </span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain">[1]</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">nominative</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">pronoun</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">it</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">he</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">she</span><span class="plain"> | ==> 1 </span> <span class="comment">singular</span>
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<span class="identifier">they</span><span class="plain"> ==> 2 </span> <span class="comment">plural</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">accusative</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">pronoun</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">it</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">him</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">her</span><span class="plain"> | ==> 1 </span> <span class="comment">singular</span>
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<span class="identifier">them</span><span class="plain"> ==> 2 </span> <span class="comment">plural</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP2"></a><b>§2. Possessives. </b>Inform uses these not only for parsing but also to inflect text. For example,
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if every person is given a nose, the player will see it as "my nose" not
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"your nose". Inform handles such inflections by converting a pronoun in
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one grammar into its corresponding pronoun in another (in this case, first
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person to second person).
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">possessive</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">first</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">person</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">my</span><span class="plain"> | ==> 1 </span> <span class="comment">singular</span>
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<span class="identifier">our</span><span class="plain"> ==> 2 </span> <span class="comment">plural</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">possessive</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">second</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">person</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">your</span><span class="plain"> | ==> 1 </span> <span class="comment">singular</span>
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<span class="identifier">your</span><span class="plain"> ==> 2 </span> <span class="comment">plural</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">possessive</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">third</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">person</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">its</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">his</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">her</span><span class="plain"> | ==> 1 </span> <span class="comment">singular</span>
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<span class="identifier">their</span><span class="plain"> ==> 2 </span> <span class="comment">plural</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP3"></a><b>§3. Articles. </b></p>
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<pre class="definitions">
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<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">DEF_ART</span><span class="plain"> 1 </span> <span class="comment">the definite article</span>
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<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">INDEF_ART</span><span class="plain"> 2 </span> <span class="comment">the indefinite article</span>
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<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">NO_ART</span><span class="plain"> 3 </span> <span class="comment">no article supplied</span>
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<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">IT_ART</span><span class="plain"> 4 </span> <span class="comment">a special case to handle "it"</span>
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</pre>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">indefinite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> | ==> </span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain">[1]</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ==> </span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain">[1]</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4"></a><b>§4. </b>The articles need to be single words, and the following two productions
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have an unusual convention: they are required to have production numbers
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which encode both the implied grammatical number and gender.
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</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<ul class="items"><li>(a) singular, neuter; (b) masculine; (c) feminine
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</li><li>(d) plural, neuter; (e) masculine; (f) feminine
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</li></ul>
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<p class="inwebparagraph">In English gender doesn't appear in articles, and "the" is ambiguous as to
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number in any case, so we end up with something quite dull:
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="plain">/ </span><span class="identifier">the</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">indefinite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="plain">/ </span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">an</span><span class="plain"> |</span>
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<span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="plain">/ </span><span class="identifier">some</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP5"></a><b>§5. </b>These are useful for stripping optional articles from text:
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ... |</span>
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<span class="plain">...</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ... |</span>
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<span class="plain">...</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">compulsory</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">> ...</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP6"></a><b>§6. </b></p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Articles::remove_the</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::length</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">) > 1) &&</span>
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<span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">))) </span><span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">GET_RW</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>, 1);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Articles::remove_article</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">wording</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">)) {</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">GET_RW</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>, 1);</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Articles::remove_the is used in 2/pe (<a href="2-pe.html#SP4_3">§4.3</a>), 3/daq (<a href="3-daq.html#SP17">§17</a>).</p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Articles::remove_article is used in 2/pe (<a href="2-pe.html#SP4_3">§4.3</a>).</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7"></a><b>§7. Participles. </b>Inform guesses that most English words ending in "-ing" are present
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participles — like guessing, bluffing, cheating, and so on. But there is
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a conspicuous exception to this; so any word found in <non-participles>
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is never treated as a participle.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">non</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">participles</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">thing</span><span class="plain">/</span><span class="identifier">something</span>
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">probable</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">participle</span><span class="plain">> </span><span class="identifier">internal</span><span class="plain"> 1 {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">Vocabulary::test_flags</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">), </span><span class="identifier">ING_MC</span><span class="plain">)) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (<</span><span class="identifier">non</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">participles</span><span class="plain">>(</span><span class="identifier">W</span><span class="plain">)) </span><span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP8"></a><b>§8. Negation. </b></p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="plain"><</span><span class="identifier">negated</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">clause</span><span class="plain">> ::=</span>
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<span class="identifier">not</span><span class="plain"> ...</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP9"></a><b>§9. Marking for Preform efficiency. </b></p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Articles::mark_for_preform</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="identifier">Preform::assign_bitmap_bit</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>, 2);</span>
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<span class="identifier">Preform::assign_bitmap_bit</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">definite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>, 2);</span>
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<span class="identifier">Preform::assign_bitmap_bit</span><span class="plain">(<</span><span class="identifier">indefinite</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="identifier">article</span><span class="plain">>, 2);</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Articles::mark_for_preform is used in 1/lm (<a href="1-lm.html#SP3">§3</a>).</p>
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<hr class="tocbar">
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<ul class="toc"><li><i>(This section begins Chapter 3: Grammatical Categories I.)</i></li><li><a href="3-cao.html">Continue with 'Cardinals and Ordinals'</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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