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inform7/docs/linguistics-module/4-vrb.html
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<!--Weave of '4/vrb' generated by 7-->
<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../webs.html">&#9733;</a></li><li><a href="index.html">linguistics</a></li><li><a href="index.html#4">Chapter 4: Grammatical Categories II</a></li><li><b>Verbs</b></li></ul><p class="purpose">To record the identity and different structural forms of verbs.</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="#SP1">&#167;1. Definitions</a></li><li><a href="#SP3">&#167;3. Verb Identities</a></li><li><a href="#SP5">&#167;5. Package</a></li><li><a href="#SP6">&#167;6. Operator Verbs</a></li><li><a href="#SP7">&#167;7. Verb Forms</a></li><li><a href="#SP10">&#167;10. Verb senses</a></li><li><a href="#SP11">&#167;11. Creating forms and senses</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP1"></a><b>&#167;1. Definitions. </b></p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP2"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>One verbs above all is special to us, because of the unique role it plays
in natural language. This is the copular verb, so called because it has two
interacting subject phrases rather than a subject and an object: in English,
"to be". We store its identity in a global variable which is set equal
to the first-created verb marked as copular.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">copular_verb</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP3"></a><b>&#167;3. Verb Identities. </b>What is a verb? Are the verbs in "Peter is hungry" and "Jane will be in the
Dining Room" the same? How about in "Donald Trump lies on television" and
"My cat Donald lies on the television"? This isn't so easy to answer.
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">For our purposes two usages of a verbs are "the same verb" if they ultimately
come from the same instance of the following structure; this essentially
defines a verb as a combination of its inflected forms with its possible
usages in a sentence.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">verb_conjugation</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">conjugation</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">list_of_forms</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">package_request</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">verb_package</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
<span class="identifier">MEMORY_MANAGEMENT</span>
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The structure verb_identity is accessed in 4/vu, 4/prp, 5/vp and here.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4"></a><b>&#167;4. </b>Note that the first verb submitted with the copular flag set is considered
to be the definitive copular verb.
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">Note also that every verb always has a bare form, where no prepositions are
combined with it. This is (initially) meaningless, but it always exists.
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">Finally, note that the conjugation can be null. This is used only for
what we'll call "operator verbs", where a mathematical operator is used
instead of a word: for example, the <code class="display"><span class="extract">&lt;=</span></code> sign is such a verb in Inform.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::new_verb</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">verb_conjugation</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">cop</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">CREATE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;conjugation</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_forms</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;verb_package</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">cop</span><span class="plain">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier">copular_verb</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">) &amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::nonempty</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">infinitive</span><span class="plain">))) </span><span class="identifier">copular_verb</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">VERB_FORMS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"New verb: $w\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="functiontext">Verbs::add_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::meaninglessness</span><span class="plain">(), </span><span class="constant">SVO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::log_verb</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vvi</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> = (</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *) </span><span class="identifier">vvi</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) { </span><span class="identifier">WRITE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"&lt;no-vi&gt;"</span><span class="plain">); }</span>
<span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="identifier">WRITE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"v="</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;conjugation</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">WRITE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"%A"</span><span class="plain">, &amp;(</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;conjugation</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">infinitive</span><span class="plain">));</span>
<span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">WRITE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"&lt;none&gt;"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">WRITE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"(%d)"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">allocation_id</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::new_verb is used in <a href="#SP6">&#167;6</a>.</p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::log_verb is used in 1/lm (<a href="1-lm.html#SP3_4">&#167;3.4</a>).</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP5"></a><b>&#167;5. Package. </b></p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="identifier">package_request</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::verb_package</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">where</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">internal_error</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"no verb identity"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;verb_package</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;verb_package</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Hierarchy::package</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">Modules::find</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">where</span><span class="plain">), </span><span class="identifier">VERBS_HAP</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;verb_package</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::verb_package is used in <a href="#SP13">&#167;13</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP6"></a><b>&#167;6. Operator Verbs. </b>As noted above, these are tenseless verbs with no conjugation, represented
only by symbols such as <code class="display"><span class="extract">&lt;=</span></code>. As infix operators, they mimic SVO sentence
structures.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::new_operator_verb</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::new_verb</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="functiontext">Verbs::add_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="constant">SVO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::new_operator_verb appears nowhere else.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7"></a><b>&#167;7. Verb Forms. </b>A "verb form" is a way to use a given verb in a sentence. This may require
up to two different prepositions to be used. For example, "Peter is hungry"
and "Jane will be in the Dining Room" exhibit two different verb forms:
"to be" with no preposition (meaning that the object phrase, "hungry", is
not introduced by a preposition), and "to be" with the preposition "in".
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">It's not always the case that the preposition follows the verb, even when
it directly introduces the object, because of a quirk of English called
inversion: for example "In the Dining Room is Jane" locates "in" far from
"is". But the first preposition, if given, always introduces the object
phrase. If it's not given, the object phrase has no introduction, as in
the sentence "Peter is hungry".
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">The second clause preposition is again optional. This marks that the verb
takes two object phrases, and provides a preposition to introduce the
second of these. For example, in "X translates into Y as Z", the verb
is "translate", the first preposition is "into", and the second is "as".
In "X ends Y when Z", the first preposition is null, and the second is "when".
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP8"></a><b>&#167;8. </b>A "form structure" is a possible way in which a verb form can be expressed.
SVO means "subject, verb, object", as in "Peter likes Jane"; VOO means
"verb, object, object", as in "Test me with ...", and so on. Since multiple
form usages can be legal for the same form, this is a bitmap:
</p>
<pre class="definitions">
<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">SVO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain"> 1</span>
<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">VO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain"> 2</span>
<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">SVOO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain"> 4</span>
<span class="definitionkeyword">define</span> <span class="constant">VOO_FS_BIT</span><span class="plain"> 8</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP9"></a><b>&#167;9. </b>So here's the verb form:
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">underlying_verb</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">preposition</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">second_clause_preposition</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">form_structures</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">bitmap of <code class="display"><span class="extract">*_FS_BIT</span></code> values</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">inter_name</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf_iname</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">routine to conjugate this</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">where_vf_created</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">e.g. "translate into"</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">e.g. "translate into"</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">e.g. "do not translate into"</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">list_of_senses</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">next_form</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">within the linked list for the verb</span>
<span class="identifier">MEMORY_MANAGEMENT</span>
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The structure verb_form is accessed in 4/vu, 4/prp, 5/vp and here.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP10"></a><b>&#167;10. Verb senses. </b>In this model, a verb can have multiple senses. Inform makes little use of
that in verbs created by the user, but for example "X is Y" has more than
a dozen different senses. (Inform distinguishes them on a case by case basis,
by looking at X and Y.)
</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph">The following structure is just a holder for a "verb meaning", so that it
can be joined into a linked list. Verb meanings are described elsewhere.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">next_sense</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">within the linked list for the verb form</span>
<span class="identifier">MEMORY_MANAGEMENT</span>
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The structure verb_sense is accessed in 4/vu, 4/prp, 5/vp and here.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP11"></a><b>&#167;11. Creating forms and senses. </b>Forms are stored in a linked list, and are uniquely identified by the triplet
of verb and two prepositions:
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::find_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="reserved">for</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_forms</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;preposition</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;second_clause_preposition</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">))</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::find_form is used in <a href="#SP12_1">&#167;12.1</a>, <a href="#SP14">&#167;14</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP12"></a><b>&#167;12. </b>And here's how we add them.
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::add_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">,</span>
<span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">form_structs</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::is_meaningless</span><span class="plain">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">VERB_FORMS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">" Adding form: $w + $p + $p = $y\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">, &amp;</span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::set_where_assigned</span><span class="plain">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">current_sentence</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">internal_error</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="string">"added form to null verb"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
&lt;<span class="cwebmacro">Find or create the verb form structure for this combination</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1</span>&gt;<span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;form_structures</span><span class="plain"> = ((</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;form_structures</span><span class="plain">) | </span><span class="identifier">form_structs</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::is_meaningless</span><span class="plain">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">) || (</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_senses</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">))</span>
&lt;<span class="cwebmacro">Add this meaning as a new sense of the verb form</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.2</span>&gt;<span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::add_form is used in <a href="#SP4">&#167;4</a>, <a href="#SP6">&#167;6</a>, 4/vu (<a href="4-vu.html#SP7_1">&#167;7.1</a>, <a href="4-vu.html#SP8">&#167;8</a>).</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP12_1"></a><b>&#167;12.1. </b><code class="display">
&lt;<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Find or create the verb form structure for this combination</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1</span>&gt; =
</code></p>
<pre class="displaydefn">
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::find_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">CREATE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;underlying_verb</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;preposition</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;second_clause_preposition</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;form_structures</span><span class="plain"> = 0;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_senses</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vf_iname</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;where_vf_created</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">current_sentence</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
&lt;<span class="cwebmacro">Compose the reference texts for the new form</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1.1</span>&gt;<span class="plain">;</span>
&lt;<span class="cwebmacro">Insert the new form into the list of forms for this verb</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1.2</span>&gt;<span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP12">&#167;12</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP12_1_1"></a><b>&#167;12.1.1. </b>The reference texts are just for convenience, really: they express the form
in a canonical verbal form. For example, "translate into <code class="display"><span class="extract">+</span></code> as".
</p>
<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
&lt;<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Compose the reference texts for the new form</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1.1</span>&gt; =
</code></p>
<pre class="displaydefn">
<span class="identifier">verb_conjugation</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;conjugation</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">PREFORM_ADAPTIVE_PERSON</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">defined_in</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">we_form</span><span class="plain"> = (</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">tabulations</span><span class="plain">[</span><span class="identifier">ACTIVE_MOOD</span><span class="plain">].</span><span class="identifier">vc_text</span><span class="plain">[</span><span class="identifier">IS_TENSE</span><span class="plain">][0][</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="plain">]);</span>
<span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">we_dont_form</span><span class="plain"> = (</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">tabulations</span><span class="plain">[</span><span class="identifier">ACTIVE_MOOD</span><span class="plain">].</span><span class="identifier">vc_text</span><span class="plain">[</span><span class="identifier">IS_TENSE</span><span class="plain">][1][</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="plain">]);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="plain">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">infinitive</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">we_form</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">we_dont_form</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">word_assemblage</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">plus</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::lit_1</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">PLUS_V</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">plus</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">plus</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">plus</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::join</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;prep_text</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;infinitive_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::new_assemblage</span><span class="plain">();</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;pos_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::new_assemblage</span><span class="plain">();</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;neg_reference_text</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">WordAssemblages::new_assemblage</span><span class="plain">();</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP12_1">&#167;12.1</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP12_1_2"></a><b>&#167;12.1.2. </b>The list of forms for a verb is in order of preposition length.
</p>
<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
&lt;<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Insert the new form into the list of forms for this verb</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.1.2</span>&gt; =
</code></p>
<pre class="displaydefn">
<span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">, *</span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_forms</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">for</span><span class="plain"> (; </span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">Prepositions::length</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">) &gt; </span><span class="functiontext">Prepositions::length</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">evf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;preposition</span><span class="plain">)) </span><span class="reserved">break</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_forms</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_forms</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_form</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP12_1">&#167;12.1</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP12_2"></a><b>&#167;12.2. </b>A new sense is normally just added to the end of the list of senses for
the given form, except that if there's a meaningless sense present already,
we overwrite that with the new (presumably meaningful) one.
</p>
<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
&lt;<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Add this meaning as a new sense of the verb form</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">12.2</span>&gt; =
</code></p>
<pre class="displaydefn">
<span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_senses</span><span class="plain">, *</span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">while</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::is_meaningless</span><span class="plain">(&amp;(</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vm</span><span class="plain">))) { </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vm</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="reserved">break</span><span class="plain">; }</span>
<span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_sense</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::new_sense</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_senses</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">prev</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_sense</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP12">&#167;12</a>.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP13"></a><b>&#167;13. </b></p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">CORE_MODULE</span>
<span class="identifier">inter_name</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::form_iname</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vf_iname</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="identifier">package_request</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::verb_package</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;underlying_verb</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;where_vf_created</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">package_request</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">R2</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Hierarchy::package_within</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">VERB_FORMS_HAP</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">R</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vf_iname</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">Hierarchy::make_iname_in</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">FORM_FN_HL</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">R2</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vf_iname</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::form_iname appears nowhere else.</p>
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP14"></a><b>&#167;14. </b>Where:
</p>
<pre class="display">
<span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::new_sense</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">CREATE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vm</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vm</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_sense</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::regular_meaning</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">,</span>
<span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">preposition_identity</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::find_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vi</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">prep</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">second_prep</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::regular_meaning_from_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">verb_meaning</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="functiontext">Verbs::regular_meaning_from_form</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">verb_form</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="reserved">for</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="reserved">verb_sense</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vf</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;list_of_senses</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;next_sense</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">rev</span><span class="plain"> = 0;</span>
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">VerbMeanings::get_special_meaning</span><span class="plain">(&amp;(</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vm</span><span class="plain">), &amp;</span><span class="identifier">rev</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">)</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> &amp;(</span><span class="identifier">vs</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">&gt;vm</span><span class="plain">);</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
<span class="plain">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::new_sense is used in <a href="#SP12_2">&#167;12.2</a>.</p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::regular_meaning is used in 4/vu (<a href="4-vu.html#SP13">&#167;13</a>), 5/vm (<a href="5-vm.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>), 5/np (<a href="5-np.html#SP13_1">&#167;13.1</a>).</p>
<p class="endnote">The function Verbs::regular_meaning_from_form appears nowhere else.</p>
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<ul class="toc"><li><i>(This section begins Chapter 4: Grammatical Categories II.)</i></li><li><a href="4-vu.html">Continue with 'Verb Usages'</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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