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<!--Weave of 'Instances' generated by Inweb-->
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Inform7 Modules</a></li><li><a href="index.html">core</a></li><li><a href="index.html#6">Chapter 6: Nouns</a></li><li><b>Instances</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">To manage constant values of enumerated kinds, including kinds of object.</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5. Creation</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP8">&#167;8. Coincidence with property names</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP11">&#167;11. Logging</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP12">&#167;12. As subjects</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP13">&#167;13. As mere names</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP14">&#167;14. Writer</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP15">&#167;15. Parsing (instances only)</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP17">&#167;17. The kind of an instance</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP20">&#167;20. Iteration schemes</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP22">&#167;22. Connections</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP23">&#167;23. Indexing count</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP26">&#167;26. As subjects</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP34">&#167;34. Adjectival uses of instances</a></li><li><a href="6-ins.html#SP37">&#167;37. Adjectival domains</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;1. </b>Instances are named constants of kinds which have a finite range (unlike
"number", say), and where the possibilities are entirely up to the source
text to specify (unlike "truth state", say), and where the values form
part of the model world, so that inferences can be made about them, and
properties attached to them, and so on (unlike "rulebook", say). For
example, in
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Colour is a kind of value. The colours are red, blue and green.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">three instances are created: "red", "blue" and "green", which are
constants of kind "colour" made to differ from all other known "colour"
values (including each other). Objects are instances too:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Peter carries a blue ball.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">creates two instances of "object" (though the world-model-completion code
will eventually make them instances of the subkind "thing" unless other
evidence turns up to suggest otherwise).
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">typedef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">package_request</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_emitted</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">creating_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> sentence creating the instance</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and identifying its kind</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> within each kind, named constants are counted from 1</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">connection</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> to the data structure for a constant of a kind significant to Inform</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">usage_as_aph</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> if this is a noun used adjectivally, like "red"</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">index_appearances</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> how many times have I appeared thus far in the World index?</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLASS_DEFINITION</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">} </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>The structure instance is private to this section.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>We are going to record uses of these in the index, so:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">typedef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">where_instance_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">} </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>The structure instance_usage is accessed in 3/ptmn, 3/cs, 4/dlr, 4/pr, 4/tr, 4/nuor, 4/uor, 4/tr2, 4/dbtr, 4/rpr, 4/nar, 4/nlpr, 4/nrr, 4/npr, 4/nvr, 4/nar2, 5/rpt, 5/tc, 5/ass, 5/npa, 5/rk, 5/ass2, 5/imp, 5/tc2, 6/lp, 8/rs, 10/teav, 10/cap, 12/dtd, 12/cdp, 14/rv, 14/lv, 14/cn, 14/ds, 14/ds2, 15/ps, 15/cp, 16/is, 16/in, 19/tb, 19/rsft, 20/eq, 21/rl, 21/rl2, 21/fao, 21/sv, 21/ac, 22/ph, 22/tp, 22/tp2, 23/ad, 24/lv, 24/sf, 25/in, 25/pi, 25/cii, 25/cp, 26/pc, 26/itc, 27/cm and here.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;3. </b>We record the one most recently made:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">latest_instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;4. </b>We also need to keep track of three in particular:
</p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">NO_GRAMMATICAL_GENDERS</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span>
</pre>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_ggs_recorded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">grammatical_genders</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="constant-syntax">NO_GRAMMATICAL_GENDERS</span><span class="plain-syntax">];</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::grammatical</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::grammatical</span></span>:<br/>The Creator - <a href="5-tc.html#SP5_4_1_1">&#167;5.4.1.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">g</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_ggs_recorded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> != </span><span class="constant-syntax">NO_GRAMMATICAL_GENDERS</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grammatical_genders</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">g</span><span class="plain-syntax">-1];</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5. Creation. </b>Since this is the first of several "protected model procedures" in the
Inform source, a brief explanation. Inform's world model is brought into being
by assertion sentences; these are converted to logical propositions; and
the propositions then "asserted", a formal process of arranging the world
so that they become true. Since some propositions assert the existence of
instances, the process sometimes means calling the following routine.
What makes it "protected" is that it is not allowed to be called from
anywhere else, and any attempt to do so will throw an internal error. (This
ensures that we don't accidentally break the rule that the model world is
fully specified by the propositions concerning it.)
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::new</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup2')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup2">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::new</span></span>:<br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="12-ap.html#SP8_5_2">&#167;8.5.2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROTECTED_MODEL_PROCEDURE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP5_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Simplify the initial kind of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cp</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="15-cp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::get_coinciding_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CREATE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP5_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Initialise the instance except for its noun</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.2</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP5_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Make a noun for the new instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.3</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::set_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP5_4" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Add the new instance to its enumeration</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.4</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">latest_instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOGIF</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OBJECT_CREATIONS</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="string-syntax">"Created instance: $O (kind %u) (inter %n)\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="26-pc.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Plugins::Call::new_named_instance_notify</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::eq</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_grammatical_gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) &amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_ggs_recorded</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &lt; </span><span class="constant-syntax">NO_GRAMMATICAL_GENDERS</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">grammatical_genders</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_ggs_recorded</span><span class="plain-syntax">++] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="5-ass2.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Assemblies::satisfies_generalisations</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5.1. </b>If we don't know the kind, we assume "object"; if we're asked for a kind
more specific than "object", we make it just "object". (It will be refined
later on.)
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Simplify the initial kind of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::weaken</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Initialise the instance except for its noun</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_emitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">creating_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">usage_as_aph</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">connection</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL_GENERAL_POINTER</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">index_appearances</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">first_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-is.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::new</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="13-kak.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Kinds::Knowledge::as_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">INST_SUB</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CERTAIN_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5.3. </b>When we create instances of a kind whose name coincides with a property
used as a condition, as here:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A door can be ajar, sealed or wedged open.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">we will need "ajar" and so on to be (in most contexts) adjectives rather
than nouns; so, even though they are instances, we give them blank nametags
to prevent them being parsed as nouns.
</p>
<p class="commentary">Otherwise, we have a choice of whether to allow ambiguous references or not.
Inform traditionally allows these for instances of object, but not for other
instances: thus "submarine green" (a colour, say) must be spelled out in
full, whereas a "tuna fish" (an object) can be called just "tuna".
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Make a noun for the new instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">exact_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">any_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cp</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><a href="15-cp.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::of_what</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cp</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">any_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">exact_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">any_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">exact_parsing</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> =</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::new_proper_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEUTER_GENDER</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ADD_TO_LEXICON_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">NAMED_CONSTANT_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="14-rv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Rvalues::from_instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::language_of_syntax</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> =</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::new_proper_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEUTER_GENDER</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ADD_TO_LEXICON_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="14-rv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Rvalues::from_instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::language_of_syntax</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::new_proper_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEUTER_GENDER</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">NAMED_CONSTANT_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::language_of_syntax</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="8-hdn.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Sentences::Headings::initialise_noun_resolution</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;5.4. </b>The values in an enumerated kind such as our perpetual "colour" example
are numbered 1, 2, 3, ..., in order of creation. This is where we assign
those numbers, and also where we give corresponding adjectival meanings
in the kind in question is also a property.
</p>
<p class="commentary">There are two reasons why we don't do the same for objects: firstly, because
"object" has a whole hierarchy of subkinds, there's no unique numbering &mdash;
the same object may be thing number 17 but vehicle number 3 &mdash; and secondly,
because we won't know the exact kind of objects until much later on; for now
the only thing we are sure of is that they are indeed objects. Enumerations
for objects within kinds is certainly useful, but it's harder to do and will
be done later on: see the "Instance Counts" plugin.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Add the new instance to its enumeration</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.4</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (!(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::has_named_constant_values</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"tried to make an instance value for impossible kind"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::new_enumerated_value</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cp</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP10" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::register_as_adjectival_constant</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">cp</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP6" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;6. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_creating_sentence</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup3')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup3">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_creating_sentence</span></span>:<br/>Supplementary Quotes - <a href="2-sq.html#SP2">&#167;2</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_5">&#167;3.5</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Extension Files - <a href="9-ef.html#SP8_2">&#167;8.2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">creating_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP7" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;7. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">source_file</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_creating_file</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexer::file_of_origin</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">creating_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">)));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP8" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;8. Coincidence with property names. </b>Suppose, as always, we have:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Colour is a kind of value. The colours are red, white and blue. A door has a colour.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">The third sentence causes the following to be called, for the kind "colour"
and the property "colour", whose names coincide:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::make_kind_coincident</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup4')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup4">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::make_kind_coincident</span></span>:<br/>Valued Properties - <a href="15-vp.html#SP6">&#167;6</a><br/>Plugin Calls - <a href="26-pc.html#SP6">&#167;6</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="15-cp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::set_coinciding_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP9" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::update_adjectival_forms</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP9" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;9. </b>That causes us to "update adjectival forms" for the property "colour",
a sort of general round-up to make sure that all of its possible applications
are covered by suitable adjectives. For instance, "red" must be registered
as an adjectival constant to cover doors. We will call this again if a further
use of colour turns up subsequently, e.g., in response to:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A vehicle has a colour.</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::update_adjectival_forms</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup5')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup5">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::update_adjectival_forms</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP8">&#167;8</a><br/>The Provision Relation - <a href="15-tpr.html#SP5">&#167;5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="15-pr.html#SP15" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::is_either_or</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="15-vp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Valued::kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><a href="15-cp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::get_coinciding_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP10" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::register_as_adjectival_constant</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP10" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;10. </b>So here is where we need to make "red", "white" or "blue" adjectives
specifying colour. And we will also call this if a further instance of colour
turns up subsequently, e.g., in response to
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Mauve is a colour.</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::register_as_adjectival_constant</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup6')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup6">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::register_as_adjectival_constant</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP5_4">&#167;5.4</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP9">&#167;9</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property_permission</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pp</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_PERMISSIONS_FOR_PROPERTY</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pp</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-pp.html#SP9" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">World::Permissions::get_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pp</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="16-is.html#SP25" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::make_adj_const_domain</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP11" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;11. Logging. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::log</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup7')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup7">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::log</span></span>:<br/>Core Module - <a href="1-cm.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>, <a href="1-cm.html#SP6_6">&#167;6.6</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::write</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">DL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::write</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup8')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup8">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::write</span></span>:<br/>Core Module - <a href="1-cm.html#SP7">&#167;7</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">== </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;null instance&gt;"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Streams::I6_escapes_enabled</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">DL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"I%d"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">allocation_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::write</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (!(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"["</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Textual::write</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"]"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP12" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;12. As subjects. </b>Instances can be reasoned about, so they correspond to inference subjects.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_numerical_value</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup9')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup9">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_numerical_value</span></span>:<br/>RValues - <a href="14-rv.html#SP4">&#167;4</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::as_subject</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup10')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup10">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::as_subject</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP32">&#167;32</a><br/>Refine Parse Tree - <a href="5-rpt.html#SP7_1">&#167;7.1</a>, <a href="5-rpt.html#SP11_5_1">&#167;11.5.1</a><br/>The Creator - <a href="5-tc.html#SP5_4">&#167;5.4</a>, <a href="5-tc.html#SP5_4_1_1">&#167;5.4.1.1</a>, <a href="5-tc.html#SP8_4_1">&#167;8.4.1</a><br/>Assertions - <a href="5-ass.html#SP6_3_41_5">&#167;6.3.41.5</a><br/>Tree Conversions - <a href="5-tc2.html#SP2">&#167;2</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_7">&#167;3.7</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_9">&#167;3.9</a><br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP23">&#167;23</a><br/>Relations - <a href="7-rlt.html#SP20">&#167;20</a><br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="12-ap.html#SP8_5_2">&#167;8.5.2</a>, <a href="12-ap.html#SP11">&#167;11</a><br/>Dash - <a href="14-ds2.html#SP10_9_1_1_5_1_3">&#167;10.9.1.1.5.1.3</a><br/>Properties - <a href="15-pr.html#SP26">&#167;26</a><br/>Properties of Values - <a href="15-pov.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>, <a href="16-is.html#SP11">&#167;11</a>, <a href="16-is.html#SP16">&#167;16</a><br/>Inferences - <a href="16-in.html#SP18">&#167;18</a><br/>Instance Counting - <a href="16-ic.html#SP7">&#167;7</a>, <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_1">&#167;11.1</a>, <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_3_1">&#167;11.3.1</a>, <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_3_2">&#167;11.3.2</a>, <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_3_3">&#167;11.3.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;13. As mere names. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup11')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup11">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP14_1">&#167;14.1</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP14_2">&#167;14.2</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP26">&#167;26</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP36">&#167;36</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP37_2">&#167;37.2</a><br/>Supplementary Quotes - <a href="2-sq.html#SP2">&#167;2</a><br/>Refine Parse Tree - <a href="5-rpt.html#SP11_5_1">&#167;11.5.1</a><br/>The Creator - <a href="5-tc.html#SP5_4_1">&#167;5.4.1</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP2_2_1">&#167;2.2.1</a><br/>Extension Files - <a href="9-ef.html#SP8_2">&#167;8.2</a>, <a href="9-ef.html#SP8_4">&#167;8.4</a><br/>RValues - <a href="14-rv.html#SP4">&#167;4</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">EMPTY_WORDING</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::nominative</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name_in_play</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup12')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup12">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name_in_play</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP24">&#167;24</a><br/>Runtime Support for Kinds - <a href="13-rsfk.html#SP26_3">&#167;26.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">EMPTY_WORDING</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::nominative_in_language</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Projects::get_language_of_play</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::project</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">()));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::full_name_includes</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vocabulary_entry</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wd</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular_includes</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wd</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_noun</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup13')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup13">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_noun</span></span>:<br/>Translation Requests - <a href="4-tr.html#SP2_2">&#167;2.2</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">text_stream</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::identifier</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"nothing"</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-un.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">UseNouns::identifier</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">inter_name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup14')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup14">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP14">&#167;14</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP28">&#167;28</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP33">&#167;33</a><br/>Runtime Support for Kinds - <a href="13-rsfk.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>, <a href="13-rsfk.html#SP26_3">&#167;26.3</a><br/>Compile Invocations Inline - <a href="25-cii.html#SP8">&#167;8</a><br/>Test Scripts - <a href="26-ts.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="27-hr.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Hierarchy::local_package</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="constant-syntax">INSTANCES_HAP</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-un.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">UseNouns::noun_compose_identifier</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">allocation_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-un.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">UseNouns::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="27-hr.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Hierarchy::markup_wording</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">INSTANCE_NAME_HMD</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::nominative</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;14. Writer. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::writer</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup15')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup15">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::writer</span></span>:<br/>Core Module - <a href="1-cm.html#SP6_3">&#167;6.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">char</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">format_string</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">vI</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = (</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vI</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"nothing"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">format_string</span><span class="plain-syntax">[0]) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'I'</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="comment-syntax"> bare </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">%I</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> means the same as </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">%+I</span></span><span class="comment-syntax">, so fall through to...</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'+'</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP14_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Write the instance raw</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">14.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'-'</span><span class="plain-syntax">: </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP14_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Write the instance with normalised casing</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">14.2</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="character-syntax">'~'</span><span class="plain-syntax">: {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Str::len</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_compilation</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="element-syntax">nt_identifier</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &gt; </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%S"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">tag</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_compilation</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="element-syntax">nt_identifier</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">default:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"bad %I modifier"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;14.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Write the instance raw</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">14.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"nameless "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::get_name</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP14">&#167;14</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;14.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Write the instance with normalised casing</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">14.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"nameless "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::get_name</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP14">&#167;14</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP15" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;15. Parsing (instances only). </b>Ordinarily these constants are read by the S-parser in the normal way that
all constants are read &mdash; see the next chapter &mdash; but it's occasionally
useful to bypass that and just parse text as an instance name and nothing
else. (We don't need to filter explicitly for the kind because only
instances have excerpts registered under <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">NOUN_MC</span></span>.)
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::parse_object</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup16')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup16">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::parse_object</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP16">&#167;16</a><br/>The Creator - <a href="5-tc.html#SP5_4_1">&#167;5.4.1</a><br/>Compile Invocations Inline - <a href="25-cii.html#SP8">&#167;8</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::empty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="function-syntax">&lt;s-literal&gt;</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexicon::retrieve</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::disambiguate</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::is_proper</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RETRIEVE_POINTER_parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Nouns::meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::is</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">CONSTANT_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_kind_of_value</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_constant_instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP16" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;16. </b>The first internal matches only instances of kinds within the objects;
the second matches the others; and the third all instances, of whatever kind.
</p>
<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;instance-of-object&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">internal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">{</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP15" class="function-link"><span class="Preform-function-syntax">Instances::parse_object</span></a><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">) { ==&gt; { -, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> }; </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> ==&gt; { </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">fail</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">nonterminal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> };</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;instance-of-non-object&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">internal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">{</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">Lexicon::retrieve</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">NAMED_CONSTANT_MC</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="14-rv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="Preform-function-syntax">Rvalues::to_instance</span></a><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">) { ==&gt; { -, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> }; </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> ==&gt; { </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">fail</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">nonterminal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> };</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;instance&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">internal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">{</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="Preform-function-syntax">&lt;s-literal&gt;</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">)) { ==&gt; { </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">fail</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">nonterminal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> }; }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">Articles::remove_the</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP15" class="function-link"><span class="Preform-function-syntax">Instances::parse_object</span></a><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">) { ==&gt; { -, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> }; </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">Lexicon::retrieve</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">NAMED_CONSTANT_MC</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="14-rv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="Preform-function-syntax">Rvalues::to_instance</span></a><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">(</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">) { ==&gt; { -, </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> }; </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> ==&gt; { </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">fail</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-identifier-syntax">nonterminal</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> };</span>
<span class="Preform-plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP17" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;17. The kind of an instance. </b>By this of course we mean the most specific kind to which an instance
belongs: if we write
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Kathy is a woman.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">then the Kathy instance is also a person, a thing, an object and a value,
but when we talk about the kind of Kathy, we mean "woman".
</p>
<p class="commentary">Note that this is not stored as a field in the instance structure, because
that would be redundant. Inform already knows which subjects are more
specialised than which other ones, and by making a call, we can find out.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup17')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup17">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP11">&#167;11</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP14_1">&#167;14.1</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP14_2">&#167;14.2</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP18">&#167;18</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP20">&#167;20</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP24">&#167;24</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP32">&#167;32</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP33">&#167;33</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP35">&#167;35</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP36">&#167;36</a>, <a href="6-ins.html#SP37_1">&#167;37.1</a><br/>Supplementary Quotes - <a href="2-sq.html#SP2">&#167;2</a>, <a href="2-sq.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Assertions - <a href="5-ass.html#SP6_3_40_1">&#167;6.3.40.1</a>, <a href="5-ass.html#SP6_3_41_5">&#167;6.3.41.5</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_3_1">&#167;3.3.1</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_3_1_1">&#167;3.3.1.1</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_4">&#167;3.4</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_8">&#167;3.8</a><br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP23">&#167;23</a><br/>Extension Files - <a href="9-ef.html#SP8_2">&#167;8.2</a><br/>RValues - <a href="14-rv.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>, <a href="14-rv.html#SP23_1">&#167;23.1</a><br/>Dash - <a href="14-ds2.html#SP10_9_1_1_5_1_1">&#167;10.9.1.1.5.1.1</a>, <a href="14-ds2.html#SP10_9_1_1_5_1_2">&#167;10.9.1.1.5.1.2</a><br/>Condition Properties - <a href="15-cp.html#SP3">&#167;3</a><br/>Emit Property Values - <a href="15-epv.html#SP1_1">&#167;1.1</a>, <a href="15-epv.html#SP1_1_1">&#167;1.1.1</a><br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP18">&#167;18</a><br/>Instance Counting - <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_3">&#167;11.3</a>, <a href="16-ic.html#SP11_3_1">&#167;11.3.1</a><br/>Compile Phrases - <a href="25-cp.html#SP4_3_5">&#167;4.3.5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inherits_from</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-is.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::narrowest_broader_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="16-is.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">inherits_from</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::of_kind</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup18')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup18">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::of_kind</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP20">&#167;20</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3">&#167;3</a><br/>Instance Counting - <a href="16-ic.html#SP7">&#167;7</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">match</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">match</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::conforms_to</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">match</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP18" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;18. </b>Ordinarily, instances never change their kind, but instances of "object"
are allowed to refine it. Such revisions are allowed to specialise the kind
(e.g., by changing a "person" to a "man") but not to contradict it
(e.g., by changing a "supporter" to a "container").
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::set_kind</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup19')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup19">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::set_kind</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP5">&#167;5</a><br/>Assert Propositions - <a href="12-ap.html#SP9">&#167;9</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROTECTED_MODEL_PROCEDURE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"Tried to set kind to %u\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"Tried to set the kind of a null object"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">existing</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::compatible</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">existing</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ALWAYS_MATCH</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEVER_MATCH</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"Tried to set kind of $O (existing %u) to %u\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">existing</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP18_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Issue a problem message for a contradictory change of kind</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">18.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="26-pc.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Plugins::Call::set_kind_notify</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="16-is.html#SP14" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::falls_within</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="13-kak.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Kinds::Knowledge::as_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="5-ass2.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Assemblies::satisfies_generalisations</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">as_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOGIF</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">KIND_CHANGES</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="string-syntax">"Setting kind of $O to %u\n"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP18_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;18.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Issue a problem message for a contradictory change of kind</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">18.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax"> != </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(2, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-sq.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(3, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-sq.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(4, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">existing</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_KindsIncompatible</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"You wrote %1, but that seems to contradict %2, as %3 and %4 "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"are incompatible. (If %3 were a kind of %4 or vice versa "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"there'd be no problem, but they aren't.)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::quote_source</span><span class="plain-syntax">(1, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-sq.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Problems::quote_object</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(2, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-sq.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(3, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">new</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-sq.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Problems::quote_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(4, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">existing</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">StandardProblems::handmade_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">BelievedImpossible</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_segment</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"You wrote %1, which made me think the kind of %2 was %4, "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"but for other reasons I now think it ought to be %3, and those "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"are incompatible. (If %3 were a kind of %4 or vice versa "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"there'd be no problem, but they aren't.)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::issue_problem_end</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP18">&#167;18</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP19" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;19. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_kind_set_sentence</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup20')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup20">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_kind_set_sentence</span></span>:<br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_8">&#167;3.8</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_of_set_at</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP20" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;20. Iteration schemes. </b></p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::of_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_ENUMERATION_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_an_enumeration</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)))</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_OBJECT_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP21" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;21. </b>The number of instances of a given kind makes a neat example:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::count</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup21')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup21">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::count</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP36">&#167;36</a><br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_3">&#167;3.3</a><br/>Runtime Support for Kinds - <a href="13-rsfk.html#SP26">&#167;26</a><br/>Kinds Index - <a href="13-ki.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Tables - <a href="19-tb.html#SP23_3">&#167;23.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP22" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;22. Connections. </b>Some of Inform's plugins give special meanings to particular kinds, in such
a way that they need to be given additional structure. For example, the
Scenes plugin needs to make instances of "scene" more than mere names:
each one has to have rulebooks attached, and conditions for starting and
ending, and so on. To achieve this, each instance is allowed to have a
single pointer to another data structure.
</p>
<p class="commentary">This mechanism is used only by plugins. For instances of Inform's core
kinds, including "object", the connection is always blank.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::set_connection</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gp</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">connection</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gp</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_connection</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">connection</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP23" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;23. Indexing count. </b>This simply avoids repetitions in the World index.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::increment_indexing_count</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup22')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup22">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::increment_indexing_count</span></span>:<br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP2_1">&#167;2.1</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP2_2">&#167;2.2</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">index_appearances</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::indexed_yet</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup23')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup23">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::indexed_yet</span></span>:<br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP2_3">&#167;2.3</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP2_4">&#167;2.4</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">index_appearances</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &gt; </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP24" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;24. </b>Not every instance has a name, which is a nuisance for the index:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::index_name</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup24')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup24">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::index_name</span></span>:<br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3_8">&#167;3.8</a>, <a href="6-ipw.html#SP4">&#167;4</a><br/>Kinds Index - <a href="13-ki.html#SP5_1">&#167;5.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name_in_play</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::get_name_in_play</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Projects::get_language_of_play</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::project</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">()));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"nameless"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP25" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;25. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::note_usage</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup25')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup25">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::note_usage</span></span>:<br/>RValues - <a href="14-rv.html#SP24_3">&#167;24.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NB</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NB</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">where_instance_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CREATE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">where_instance_used</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NB</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::index_usages</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup26')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup26">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::index_usages</span></span>:<br/>Index Physical World - <a href="6-ipw.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">k</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">first_noted_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IU</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">where_instance_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">source_file</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sf</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexer::file_of_origin</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">)));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Projects::draws_from_source_file</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::project</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sf</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">k</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">k</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">HTML::open_indented_p</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="string-syntax">"tight"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;i&gt;mentioned in rules:&lt;/i&gt; "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"; "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Index::link</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">at</span><span class="plain-syntax">)));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">k</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &gt; </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">HTML_CLOSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"p"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP26" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;26. As subjects. </b>Some methods for instances as inference subjects:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_get_name_text</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup27')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup27">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_get_name_text</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP23">&#167;23</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-is.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_nc</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_new_permission_granted</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup28')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup28">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_new_permission_granted</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP24">&#167;24</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_property_of_value_storage</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="15-pov.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::OfValues::get_storage</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_complete_model</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup29')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup29">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_complete_model</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP26">&#167;26</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_check_model</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup30')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup30">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_check_model</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP27">&#167;27</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP27" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;27. </b>See below.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_make_adj_const_domain</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup31')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup31">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_make_adj_const_domain</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP25">&#167;25</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">S</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP37" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::make_adj_const_domain</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="16-is.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">S</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP28" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;28. </b>Since all instances are single values, testing for inclusion under such a
subject is very simple:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_emit_element_of_condition</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup32')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup32">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_emit_element_of_condition</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP28">&#167;28</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_symbol</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">t0_s</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-is.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_nc</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Produce::inv_primitive</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="27-em.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">EQ_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Produce::down</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="27-em.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Produce::val_symbol</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="27-em.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_value</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">t0_s</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Produce::val_iname</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="27-em.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_value</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Produce::up</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="27-em.html#SP2" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">());</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP29" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;29. </b>Here's how to place the instance objects in order. The ordering is used not
only for compilation, but also for instance counting (e.g., marking the
black gate as the 8th instance of "door"), so it's needed earlier than
the compilation phase, too.
</p>
<p class="commentary">Code wanting to create an ordering should first call <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">begin_sequencing_objects</span></span>
and then send the objects, in turn, via <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">place_this_object_next</span></span>.
</p>
<p class="commentary">They are stored as a linked list with the links in an array indexed by the
allocation IDs of the objects.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> **</span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::begin_sequencing_objects</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup33')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup33">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::begin_sequencing_objects</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP30">&#167;30</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nc</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NUMBER_CREATED</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = (</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> **)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Memory::calloc</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">sizeof</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *), </span><span class="constant-syntax">OBJECT_COMPILATION_MREASON</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">=0; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nc</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">++) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::place_this_object_next</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup34')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup34">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::place_this_object_next</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP30">&#167;30</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">allocation_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">last_object_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP30" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;30. </b>For instance, here we put them in order of definition, which is the default.
Note that only instances, not kinds, appear.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::place_objects_in_definition_sequence</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup35')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup35">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::place_objects_in_definition_sequence</span></span>:<br/>How To Compile - <a href="1-htc.html#SP2_5">&#167;2.5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP29" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::begin_sequencing_objects</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_OBJECT_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP29" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::place_this_object_next</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP31" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;31. </b>And we read the order back using these macros:
</p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">FIRST_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_object_in_compilation_list</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="identifier-syntax">NEXT_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">objects_in_compilation_list</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">allocation_id</span><span class="plain-syntax">]</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_OBJECTS_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">=</span><span class="constant-syntax">FIRST_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">=</span><span class="identifier-syntax">NEXT_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP32" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;32. </b>Compilation looks tricky only because we need to compile instances in a
set order which is not the order of their creation. (This is because objects
must be compiled in containment-tree traversal order in the final Inform 6
code.) So in reply to a request to compile all instances, we first delegate
the object instances, then compile the non-object ones (all just constant
declarations) and finally return <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">TRUE</span></span> to indicate that the task is finished.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile_all</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup36')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup36">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile_all</span></span>:<br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP29">&#167;29</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_OBJECTS_IN_COMPILATION_SEQUENCE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP33" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP12" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::as_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Behaviour::is_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP33" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP12" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::as_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IF_MODULE</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PL::Naming::compile_small_names</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP33" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;33. </b>Either way, the actual compilation happens here:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup37')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup37">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::SUBJ_compile</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP32">&#167;32</a><br/>Inference Subjects - <a href="16-is.html#SP29">&#167;29</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="16-is.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_nc</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP33" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::emitted_iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="15-pr.html#SP26" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::emit_instance_permissions</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="15-epv.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Emit::emit_subject</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">inter_name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::emitted_iname</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup38')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup38">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::emitted_iname</span></span>:<br/>Runtime Support for Kinds - <a href="13-rsfk.html#SP6">&#167;6</a><br/>RValues - <a href="14-rv.html#SP24_2">&#167;24.2</a>, <a href="14-rv.html#SP24_3">&#167;24.3</a><br/>Properties - <a href="15-pr.html#SP26">&#167;26</a><br/>Emit Property Values - <a href="15-epv.html#SP1">&#167;1</a><br/>Instance Counting - <a href="16-ic.html#SP9">&#167;9</a><br/>Emitting Inter - <a href="27-em.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_name</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iname</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_emitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instance_emitted</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="27-em.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Emit::instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">iname</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">iname</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">package_request</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::package</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup39')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup39">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::package</span></span>:<br/>Emit Property Values - <a href="15-epv.html#SP2">&#167;2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="comment-syntax"> Thus forcing this to exist...</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">instance_package</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP34" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;34. Adjectival uses of instances. </b>Some constant names can be used adjectivally, but not others. This happens
when their kind's name coincides with a name for a property, as might for
instance happen with "colour". In other words, because it is reasonable
that a ball might have a colour, we can declare that "the ball is green",
or speak of "something blue": whereas we are not allowed to use "score to
beat" adjectivally since (a) it is a variable, and (b) "number" is not a
coinciding property: we would not ordinarily write "the ball is 4". (A
quirk in English does allow this, implicitly construing number as an age
property, but we don't go there in Inform.)
</p>
<p class="commentary">These adjectives are easy to handle:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">adjective</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_adjective</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup40')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup40">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_adjective</span></span>:<br/>Verbal and Relative Clauses - <a href="10-varc.html#SP8_1">&#167;8.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">usage_as_aph</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">adjective_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_parse</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup41')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup41">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_parse</span></span>:<br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP38">&#167;38</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sense</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">AW</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">DNW</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CONW</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CALLW</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_compiling_soon</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup42')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup42">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_compiling_soon</span></span>:<br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP39">&#167;39</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">adjective_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">T</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_compile</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup43')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup43">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_compile</span></span>:<br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP40">&#167;40</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">T</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">emit_flag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">ph_stack_frame</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">phsf</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP35" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;35. </b>Asserting such an adjective simply asserts its property. We refuse to assert
the falseness of such an adjective since it's unclear what to infer from, e.g.,
"the ball is not green": we would need to give it a colour, and there's no
good basis for choosing which.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_assert</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup44')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup44">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_assert</span></span>:<br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP41">&#167;41</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs_to_assert_on</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_to_assert_on</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parity</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parity</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="15-cp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::get_coinciding_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"enumerative adjective on non-property"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="16-in.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">World::Inferences::draw_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs_to_assert_on</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="14-rv.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Rvalues::from_instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP36" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;36. </b>Some pretty-printing for the index, and we're done.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_index</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup45')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup45">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::ADJ_index</span></span>:<br/>Adjective Meanings - <a href="7-am.html#SP42">&#167;42</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="15-cp.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::get_coinciding_property</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="15-cp.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::Conditions::of_what</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="15-pr.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::permission_list</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"(of "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><a href="16-pp.html#SP10" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">World::Permissions::index</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">") "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"having this %+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">name</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"a condition which is otherwise "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_alts</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP21" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::count</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">) - </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alt</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_INSTANCES</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alt</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">K</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> != </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;/i&gt;"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"%+W"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">alt</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;i&gt;"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_alts</span><span class="plain-syntax">-1) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" or "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &lt; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_alts</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP37" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;37. Adjectival domains. </b>Let's reconstruct the chain of events, shall we? It has been found that an
instance, though a noun, must be used as an adjective: for example, "red".
Inform has run through the permissions for the property ("colour") in
question, and found that, say, it's a property of doors, scenes and also
a single piece of litmus paper. Each of these three is an inference subject,
so <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">InferenceSubjects::make_adj_const_domain</span></span> was called for each in turn.
By different means, those calls all ended up by passing the buck onto the
following routine: twice with the domain <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">set</span></span> being a kind (door and then
scene), once with <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">set</span></span> being null and <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">singleton</span></span> being an instance
(the litmus paper).
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Instances::make_adj_const_domain</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup46')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup46">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::make_adj_const_domain</span></span>:<br/><a href="6-ins.html#SP27">&#167;27</a><br/>Knowledge about Kinds - <a href="13-kak.html#SP5">&#167;5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">instance</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singleton</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP37_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Find the kind domain within which the adjective applies</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">adjective_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP37_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Create the adjective meaning for this use of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.2</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="6-ins.html#SP37_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Write I6 schemas for asserting and testing this use of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.3</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP37_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;37.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Find the kind domain within which the adjective applies</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singleton</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP17" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::to_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singleton</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">internal_error</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"No adjectival constant domain"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP37">&#167;37</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP37_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;37.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Create the adjective meaning for this use of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NW</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="6-ins.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Instances::get_name</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="7-am.html#SP18" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::new</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="constant-syntax">ENUMERATIVE_KADJ</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_instance</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NW</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">usage_as_aph</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="7-am.html#SP9" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::declare</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NW</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">4</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">singleton</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="7-am.html#SP23" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::set_domain_from_instance</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">singleton</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="7-am.html#SP24" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::set_domain_from_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">set</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="6-ins.html#SP37">&#167;37</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP37_3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;37.3. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Write I6 schemas for asserting and testing this use of the instance</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">37.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i6_schema</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="7-am.html#SP29" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::set_i6_schema</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">TEST_ADJECTIVE_TASK</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Calculus::Schemas::modify</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sch</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"GProperty(%k, *1, %n) == %d"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="15-pr.html#SP26" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">sch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="7-am.html#SP29" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Adjectives::Meanings::set_i6_schema</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">am</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">NOW_ADJECTIVE_TRUE_TASK</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Calculus::Schemas::modify</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">sch</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"WriteGProperty(%k, *1, %n, %d)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">D</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="15-pr.html#SP26" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Properties::iname</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">enumeration_index</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
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