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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Inter Modules</a></li><li><a href="index.html">final</a></li><li><a href="index.html#5">Chapter 5: C</a></li><li><b>C References</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">How changes to storage objects are translated into C.</p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;1. </b>References identify storage objects which are being written to or otherwise
modified, rather than having their current contents read.
</p>
<p class="commentary">There are seven possible ways to modify something identified by a reference,
and we need constants to identify these ways in the code we generate:
</p>
<pre class="Extracts-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_SET</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">1</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_PREDEC</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">2</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_POSTDEC</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">3</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_PREINC</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">4</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_POSTINC</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">5</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_SETBIT</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">6</span>
<span class="Extracts-plain-syntax">#</span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">define</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-identifier-syntax">i7_lvalue_CLEARBIT</span><span class="Extracts-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Extracts-constant-syntax">7</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is part of the extract file inform7_clib.h.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>Those seven ways correspond to seven Inter primitives, with the following
signatures:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !store ref val -&gt; val</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !preincrement ref -&gt; val</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !postincrement ref -&gt; val</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !predecrement ref -&gt; val</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !postdecrement ref -&gt; val</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !setbit ref val -&gt; void</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">primitive !clearbit ref val -&gt; void</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary">Since C functions can have their return values freely ignored, we will in fact
implement <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">!setbit</span></span> and <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">!clearbit</span></span> as if they too had the signature
<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">ref val -&gt; val</span></span>.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">CReferences::invoke_primitive</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">CReferences::invoke_primitive</span></span>:<br/>C Program Control - <a href="5-cpc.html#SP1">&#167;1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">code_generation</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_ti</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_tree_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">text_stream</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUT</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-cg.html#SP12" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">CodeGen::current</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">text_stream</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_SET"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PREINCREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_PREINC"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">POSTINCREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_POSTINC"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PREDECREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_PREDEC"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">POSTDECREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_POSTDEC"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SETBIT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_SETBIT"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLEARBIT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_lvalue_CLEARBIT"</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">default:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOT_APPLICABLE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">This does indeed modify a value by reference</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2.1. </b>Some storage objects, like variables, can be generated to C code which works
in either an lvalue or rvalue context. For example, the Inter variable <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">frog</span></span>
generates just as the C variable <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">i7_mgl_frog</span></span>.<sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" rel="footnote">1</a></sup> It's then fine to generate
code like either <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">10 + i7_mgl_frog</span></span>, where it is used in a <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">val</span></span> context, or
like <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">i7_mgl_frog++</span></span>, where it is used in a <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">ref</span></span> context.
</p>
<p class="commentary">But other storage objects are not so lucky, and can only be written to by
calling functions.
</p>
<ul class="footnotetexts"><li class="footnote" id="fn:1"><p class="inwebfootnote"><sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" rel="footnote">1</a></sup> In real life, do not mangle frogs. See C. S. Lewis, "Perelandra", 1943.
<a href="#fnref:1" title="return to text"> &#x21A9;</a></p></li></ul>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">This does indeed modify a value by reference</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_tree_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">inter_tree_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">P</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="identifier-syntax">instruction</span><span class="plain-syntax">[0] == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">REFERENCE_IST</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_supplied</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SETBIT_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">) || (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLEARBIT_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_supplied</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter::Reference::node_is_ref_to</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOKUP_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">This is a reference to a word lookup</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.1</span></a></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter::Reference::node_is_ref_to</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOKUPBYTE_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">This is a reference to a byte lookup</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.2</span></a></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Inter::Reference::node_is_ref_to</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">from</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PROPERTYVALUE_BIP</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">This is a reference to a property value</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.3</span></a></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1_4" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">This is a reference to something else</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.4</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="5-crf.html#SP2">&#167;2</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2_1_1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2.1.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">This is a reference to a word lookup</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_change_word(proc, "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::second_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_supplied</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"0"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", %S"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"))"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1">&#167;2.1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2_1_2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2.1.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">This is a reference to a byte lookup</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_change_byte(proc, "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" + "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::second_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_supplied</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"0"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", %S"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"))"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1">&#167;2.1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2_1_3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2.1.3. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">This is a reference to a property value</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"i7_change_gprop_value(proc, "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::first_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::second_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-vnl.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Vanilla::node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">gen</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">InterTree::third_child</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">storage_ref</span><span class="plain-syntax">)); </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val_supplied</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"0"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">", %S"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">store_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"))"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1">&#167;2.1</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2_1_4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>&#167;2.1.4. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">This is a reference to something else</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">2.1.4</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">bip</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PREINCREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"++("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">POSTINCREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")++"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PREDECREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"--("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">POSTDECREMENT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")--"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" = "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SETBIT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" = "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" | "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLEARBIT_BIP:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" = "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_1C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">" &amp;~ ("</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="constant-syntax">VNODE_2C</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">")"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="5-crf.html#SP2_1">&#167;2.1</a>.</li></ul>
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