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<!--Weave of 'Adverbs of Certainty' generated by Inweb-->
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../services.html">Services</a></li><li><a href="index.html">linguistics</a></li><li><a href="index.html#3">Chapter 3: VP Categories</a></li><li><b>Adverbs of Certainty</b></li></ul></div>
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<p class="purpose">Adverbs such as "usually" or "initially".</p>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§1. </b>Inform uses the following scale to measure how certain it is that something
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is true:
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</p>
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<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">IMPOSSIBLE_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> -2</span>
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<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">UNLIKELY_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> -1</span>
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<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">UNKNOWN_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span>
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<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">LIKELY_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
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<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">CERTAIN_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§2. </b>A special certainty level is used for a temporal sense of certainty:
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</p>
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<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">INITIALLY_CE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">3</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§3. </b></p>
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<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Certainty::write</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Certainty::write</span></span>:<br/>Diagrams - <a href="1-dgr.html#SP3">§3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">OUTPUT_STREAM</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">level</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">switch</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">level</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">IMPOSSIBLE_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"impossible"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">UNLIKELY_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"unlikely"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">UNKNOWN_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"(no certainty level)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LIKELY_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"likely"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CERTAIN_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"certain"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">case</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">INITIALLY_CE:</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WRITE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"initial"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">break</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
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<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4" class="paragraph-anchor"></a><b>§4. </b>Certainty adverbs are found mainly in regular sentences:
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>A door is usually open.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="commentary">They are syntactically legal in existential sentences too, though in English
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this usually expresses emphasis rather than a measure of probability: consider
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"there certainly are men in the room". Inform allows this, in any case. In
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conditions, Inform is more picky. For example, in assertions one can write
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>A box is usually closed. (1)</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="commentary">but in conditions one can't write
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</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>if a box is usually closed, ... (2)</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p class="commentary">This is because (1) is essentially a statement about the future, not the
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present or the past, whereas conditions like (2) must always be determinable at
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once: run-time code cannot know what will generally happen, only what is now
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the case and what has been the case in the past.
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</p>
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<pre class="Preform-displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
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<span class="Preform-function-syntax"><certainty></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">::=</span>
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<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">always/certainly</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { CERTAIN_CE, - }</span>
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<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">usually/normally</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { LIKELY_CE, - }</span>
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<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">rarely/seldom</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { UNLIKELY_CE, - }</span>
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<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">never</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">|</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { IMPOSSIBLE_CE, - }</span>
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<span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-constant-syntax">initially</span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> </span><span class="Preform-reserved-syntax">==></span><span class="Preform-plain-syntax"> { INITIALLY_CE, - }</span>
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</pre>
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<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This is <a href="../words-module/4-ap.html" class="internal">Preform grammar</a>, not regular C code.</li></ul>
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