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<title>9/ass</title>
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<!--Weave of '9/imp' generated by 7-->
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../webs.html">★</a></li><li><a href="index.html">core</a></li><li><a href="index.html#9">Chapter 9: The A-Parser</a></li><li><b>Implications</b></li></ul><p class="purpose">To keep track of a dangerous form of super-assertion called an implication, which is allowed to generalise about properties.</p>
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<ul class="toc"><li><a href="#SP1">§1. Definitions</a></li><li><a href="#SP5">§5. Implication checking</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP1"></a><b>§1. Definitions. </b></p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP2"></a><b>§2. </b>Implications are structures are used to store the information in sentences
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like "Something worn is usually wearable and initially carried." The
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"something worn" part must turn out to be a description of a category of
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objects; the "usually" part translates into a level of certainty. We regard
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these as implications in the sense of IF condition A, THEN condition B, but
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note that A is quite restricted in what it can be: it must be a simple-to-test
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description only, whereas B could be any subtree of an assertion.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
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<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">pcalc_prop</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">if_spec</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">which objects are affected</span>
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<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">then_pn</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">what assertion is implied about them</span>
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">implied_likelihood</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">with what certainty level</span>
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<span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">next_implication</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">in list of implications</span>
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<span class="identifier">MEMORY_MANAGEMENT</span>
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<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The structure implication is private to this section.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP3"></a><b>§3. </b>We also need a little piece of storage attached to each property name:
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">typedef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">struct</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="reserved">possession_marker</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">possessed</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">temporary use when checking implications about objects</span>
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">possession_certainty</span><span class="plain">; </span> <span class="comment">ditto</span>
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<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">possession_marker</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The structure possession_marker is accessed in 12/ap and here.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4"></a><b>§4. </b>Implications are gathered during the main parse tree traverses, but all we do
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is to store them and sit on them.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">px</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">prevailing_mood</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">CERTAIN_CE</span><span class="plain">) </span><<span class="cwebmacro">Reject implications given with certainty</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">AND_NT</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">px</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>down</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">px</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>down</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>next</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Actually create a single implication</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Assertions::Implications::new is used in 9/ma (<a href="9-ma.html#SP3_3_2">§3.3.2</a>, <a href="9-ma.html#SP3_3_22">§3.3.22</a>).</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4_1"></a><b>§4.1. </b><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Reject implications given with certainty</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.1</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="identifier">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">_p_</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">PM_ImplicationCertain</span><span class="plain">),</span>
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<span class="string">"that's an implication which is too certain for me"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
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<span class="string">"since a sentence like this talks about a generality of things in terms of "</span>
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<span class="string">"one either/or property implying another, and I can only handle those as "</span>
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<span class="string">"likelihoods. You should probably add 'usually' somewhere: e.g., 'An open "</span>
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<span class="string">"door is usually openable'. (But implications can have unpredictable "</span>
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<span class="string">"consequences: best to avoid them altogether where possible.)"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP4">§4</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4_2"></a><b>§4.2. </b><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Actually create a single implication</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">pcalc_prop</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">premiss</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Find the premiss kind and specification</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Check that the premiss involves only either/or properties and/or a kind</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.2</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Check that the conclusion involves only a single either/or property</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.3</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">CREATE</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>if_spec</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">premiss</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>then_pn</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>implied_likelihood</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">prevailing_mood</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>next_implication</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::get_implications</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::set_implications</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"Forming implication for $j: $D implies\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string"> $T"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
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<span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>if_spec</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>then_pn</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP4">§4</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4_2_1"></a><b>§4.2.1. </b><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Find the premiss kind and specification</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.1</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="identifier">parse_node</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">px</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">WITH_NT</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>down</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">premiss</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_creation_proposition</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">loc</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifdef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">IF_MODULE</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Kinds::Knowledge::as_subject</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">K_thing</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
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<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">ifndef</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">IF_MODULE</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="identifier">premiss_kind</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Kinds::Knowledge::as_subject</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">K_object</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">#</span><span class="identifier">endif</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP4_2">§4.2</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4_2_2"></a><b>§4.2.2. </b><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Check that the premiss involves only either/or properties and/or a kind</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.2</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::Assert::testable_at_compile_time</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">premiss</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="identifier">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">_p_</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">PM_BadImplicationDomain</span><span class="plain">),</span>
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<span class="string">"that's an implication where the condition to qualify is not "</span>
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<span class="string">"one that I can determine in advance of the start of play"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
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<span class="string">"since it involves more than simple either/or properties "</span>
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<span class="string">"plus a kind. (For example, adjectives like 'adjacent' or "</span>
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<span class="string">"'visible' here are too difficult to determine.)"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP4_2">§4.2</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP4_2_3"></a><b>§4.2.3. </b><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Check that the conclusion involves only a single either/or property</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">4.2.3</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="reserved">property</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Adjectives::Meanings::has_EORP_meaning</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_aph</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">py</span><span class="plain">), </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="identifier">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">_p_</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">PM_ImplicationValueProperty</span><span class="plain">),</span>
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<span class="string">"that's an implication where the outcome is an adjective other than "</span>
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<span class="string">"a simple either/or property"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
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<span class="string">"which is the only form of implication I can handle."</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP4_2">§4.2</a>.</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP5"></a><b>§5. Implication checking. </b>The checking of implications happens all at once, during model completion,
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so that all inferences arising directly from the source text have already
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been drawn.
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</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph">For instance, if there is an inference asserting that object X is worn, and
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there is an implication that what is worn is usually also wearable, then we
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must generate an inference that X is wearable: in effect, this is a deduction
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from a syllogism. We should however not generate such an inference if we
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already have definite knowledge that X is not wearable. We do this for each
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object X individually.
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</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph">We begin by checking implications associated with X and applying to X,
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but in fact because <code class="display"><span class="extract">Assertions::Implications::check_implications_of</span></code> recurses depth-first through
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the kinds, a typical object X — a container, say — will first have
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implications associated with "thing" applied to it, then with
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those associated with "container", and only then its own implications.
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</p>
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<pre class="display">
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<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::consider_all</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::domain</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">)) </span><span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">ongoing</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="reserved">while</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">ongoing</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<<span class="cwebmacro">Erase all of the possession markers</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">5.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::set_possessed_flags</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">ongoing</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::check_implications_of</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">The function Assertions::Implications::consider_all is used in 16/cmw (<a href="16-cmw.html#SP1_1">§1.1</a>).</p>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP5_1"></a><b>§5.1. </b>We are going to need to examine which either/or properties are held by X.
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We don't want to store all of the properties of everything in memory at once,
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so we keep just a single set of "possession markers", one for each property.
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Here we erase these markers ready for use with X.
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</p>
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<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
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<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Erase all of the possession markers</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">5.1</span>> =
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</code></p>
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<pre class="displaydefn">
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<span class="reserved">property</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">LOOP_OVER</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">property</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
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<span class="reserved">possession_marker</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::get_possession_marker</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">);</span>
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<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possessed</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possession_certainty</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">UNKNOWN_CE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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<span class="plain">}</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP5">§5</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP6"></a><b>§6. </b>This is the recursive routine which sets the possession markers for X on the
|
|
basis of the inferences so far drawn about it.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="display">
|
|
<span class="reserved">void</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::set_possessed_flags</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::narrowest_broader_subject</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain">) </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::set_possessed_flags</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">inference</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">KNOWLEDGE_LOOP</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">infs</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="constant">PROPERTY_INF</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">property</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">World::Inferences::get_property</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="functiontext">Properties::is_either_or</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">)) && (</span><span class="functiontext">World::Inferences::get_certainty</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="plain">) != </span><span class="identifier">UNKNOWN_CE</span><span class="plain">))</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">See what we can get out of this inference</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">6.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">The function Assertions::Implications::set_possessed_flags is used in <a href="#SP5">§5</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP6_1"></a><b>§6.1. </b>Note that where there are antonyms such as open/closed, we have to mark
|
|
both of them, because an inference of being closed is as good as an inference
|
|
of not being open, and vice versa.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<p class="macrodefinition"><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">See what we can get out of this inference</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">6.1</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">truth_state</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">World::Inferences::get_certainty</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">inf</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain"> < 0) { </span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain"> = -</span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">truth_state</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">; }</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">possession_marker</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::get_possession_marker</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Mark this property if its possession is not already equally certainly known</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">6.1.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">Properties::EitherOr::get_negation</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">)) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::EitherOr::get_negation</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::get_possession_marker</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prn</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">truth_state</span><span class="plain"> = (</span><span class="identifier">truth_state</span><span class="plain">)?</span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">:</span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Mark this property if its possession is not already equally certainly known</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">6.1.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP6">§6</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP6_1_1"></a><b>§6.1.1. </b><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Mark this property if its possession is not already equally certainly known</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">6.1.1</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possession_certainty</span><span class="plain"> < </span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possessed</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">truth_state</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possession_certainty</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">certainty</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP6_1">§6.1</a> (twice).</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7"></a><b>§7. </b>Lastly, then, the routine actually checking and applying implications.
|
|
Our aim is to find and act upon the first implication which makes a difference,
|
|
and return <code class="display"><span class="extract">TRUE</span></code>; but if no implication can be acted on, to return <code class="display"><span class="extract">FALSE</span></code>.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph">This cannot act twice on the same candidate with the same implication, since
|
|
the act results in creating inferences about the property. An attempt at
|
|
repetition results in redundancy, since the inferences it would make have
|
|
no better a certainty level.
|
|
</p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="display">
|
|
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::check_implications_of</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">inference_subject</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::narrowest_broader_subject</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain">) && (</span><span class="functiontext">Assertions::Implications::check_implications_of</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">))) </span><span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::get_implications</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">))</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"Considering implications about $j as they apply to $j:\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">implication</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">for</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::get_implications</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">); </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">; </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>next_implication</span><span class="plain">)</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Consider this individual implication as it applies to the candidate</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">The function Assertions::Implications::check_implications_of is used in <a href="#SP5">§5</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7_1"></a><b>§7.1. </b><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Consider this individual implication as it applies to the candidate</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::int_annotation</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>then_pn</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="constant">negated_boolean_ANNOT</span><span class="plain">)) </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>implied_likelihood</span><span class="plain"> < 0) </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain"> = (</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain">)?</span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">:</span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"$D => $T (certainty %d; changed state %d)\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>if_spec</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>then_pn</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>implied_likelihood</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">property</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Adjectives::Meanings::has_EORP_meaning</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">ParseTree::get_aph</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>then_pn</span><span class="plain">), </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Check that the conclusion is not impossible</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.1</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">possession_marker</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::get_possession_marker</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Check that the conclusion is not redundant or irrelevant</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.2</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">int</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">candidate_qualifies</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::Assert::test_at_compile_time</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">imp</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>if_spec</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">candidate_qualifies</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"PASS: changing property $Y of $j\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacro">Apply the conclusion to the candidate</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.3</span>><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"FAIL: take no action\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP7">§7</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7_1_1"></a><b>§7.1.1. </b><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Check that the conclusion is not impossible</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.1</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> ((</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">) ||</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">(</span><span class="functiontext">World::Permissions::find</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">) == </span><span class="identifier">NULL</span><span class="plain">)) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"IMPOSSIBLE: property not provided\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">continue</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP7_1">§7.1</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7_1_2"></a><b>§7.1.2. </b><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Check that the conclusion is not redundant or irrelevant</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.2</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"Possession marker has (certainty %d; possessed state %d)\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">,</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possession_certainty</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possessed</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possessed</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"REDUNDANT: property already correct\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">continue</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">pom</span><span class="plain">-</span><span class="element">>possession_certainty</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">CERTAIN_CE</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">LOGIF</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">IMPLICATIONS</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="string">"IRRELEVANT: property already settled\</span><span class="plain">n</span><span class="string">"</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">continue</span><span class="plain">;</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
</pre>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP7_1">§7.1</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p class="inwebparagraph"><a id="SP7_1_3"></a><b>§7.1.3. </b><code class="display">
|
|
<<span class="cwebmacrodefn">Apply the conclusion to the candidate</span> <span class="cwebmacronumber">7.1.3</span>> =
|
|
</code></p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<pre class="displaydefn">
|
|
<span class="identifier">adjectival_phrase</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">aph</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Properties::EitherOr::get_aph</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_prop</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">pcalc_prop</span><span class="plain"> *</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Atoms::KIND_new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="functiontext">InferenceSubjects::domain</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">domain</span><span class="plain">), </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Terms::new_variable</span><span class="plain">(0));</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">if</span><span class="plain"> (</span><span class="identifier">conclusion_state</span><span class="plain"> == </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">) {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::concatenate</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Atoms::new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="constant">NEGATION_OPEN_ATOM</span><span class="plain">));</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::concatenate</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Atoms::unary_PREDICATE_from_aph</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">aph</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">));</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::concatenate</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Atoms::new</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="constant">NEGATION_CLOSE_ATOM</span><span class="plain">));</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">} </span><span class="reserved">else</span><span class="plain"> {</span>
|
|
<span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain"> = </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::concatenate</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="functiontext">Calculus::Atoms::unary_PREDICATE_from_aph</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">aph</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">FALSE</span><span class="plain">));</span>
|
|
<span class="plain">}</span>
|
|
<span class="functiontext">Calculus::Propositions::Assert::assert_true_about</span><span class="plain">(</span><span class="identifier">prop</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">candidate</span><span class="plain">, </span><span class="identifier">CERTAIN_CE</span><span class="plain">);</span>
|
|
<span class="reserved">return</span><span class="plain"> </span><span class="identifier">TRUE</span><span class="plain">;</span>
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</pre>
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<p class="inwebparagraph"></p>
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<p class="endnote">This code is used in <a href="#SP7_1">§7.1</a>.</p>
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