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Graham Nelson d5645278f1 Better handling of noun declensions
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<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Services</a></li><li><a href="index.html">linguistics</a></li><li><a href="index.html#2">Chapter 2: NP Categories</a></li><li><b>Nouns</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">To create noun objects, each of which represents a single common or proper noun which may have multiple inflected forms.</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP1">&#167;1. A noun is more than a lexical cluster</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP6">&#167;6. Creation</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP8">&#167;8. Subclass</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP9">&#167;9. Logging</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP10">&#167;10. Attaching some wording to a noun</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP11">&#167;11. Name access</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP12">&#167;12. Meaning</a></li><li><a href="2-nns.html#SP13">&#167;13. Disambiguation</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1"></a><b>&#167;1. A noun is more than a lexical cluster. </b>Consider the line:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A mammal is a kind of animal.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">Inform generates a new noun from this line: "mammal". This may well occur
in a variety of inflected forms (though in English, there will be just two:
"mammal" and "mammals"). That set of forms is gathered into a <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">lexical_cluster</span></span>
object: see <a href="../inflections-module/3-lc2.html" class="internal">Lexical Clusters (in inflections)</a>. Lexical clusters are not necessarily
of nouns &mdash; they are also used for adjectives, for example. So it would be
wrong to represent a noun by a lexical cluster alone.
</p>
<p class="commentary">Inform instead attaches a <a href="2-nns.html#SP3" class="internal">noun</a> object to the new "mammal" kind. This object
contains the lexical cluster to define its syntax, but it also has semantics attached.
</p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>From a linguistic point of view, the class of nouns can be divided into two
subclasses: common nouns and proper nouns. "Mammal" is a common noun, whereas
a sentence such as:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A carved oak table is here.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">...creates a proper noun, "carved oak table". Nouns are not used only to
refer to the model world of some interactive fiction, though: Inform uses
common nouns for kinds of value, such as "number", and proper nouns for
all sorts of specific but abstract things created in a program: activities,
rulebooks and tables, for example.
</p>
<p class="commentary">What we will call the "subclass" of the noun is always one of these values:
</p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">COMMON_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">PROPER_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3"></a><b>&#167;3. </b>The other semantic ingredient in a <a href="2-nns.html#SP3" class="internal">noun</a> object is a pointer to some
object which gives it a meaning. For example, for the "carved oak table" in
the Inform example above that would be an <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">instance</span></span> object representing this
piece of furniture in the model world.
</p>
<p class="commentary">It might seem the wrong way around for the <a href="2-nns.html#SP3" class="internal">noun</a> object to contain its
meaning &mdash; like saying that a luggage tag has a suitcase hanging from it,
rather than vice versa. But this enables the lexicon to return a <a href="2-nns.html#SP3" class="internal">noun</a>
as the result of parsing some text, or more accurately a <a href="2-nns.html#SP4" class="internal">noun_usage</a>
which points to a <a href="2-nns.html#SP3" class="internal">noun</a>. That in turn means that the lexicon's results
can convey some linguistic data as well as the actual meaning &mdash; e.g., it
can say not only "this text refers to X" but also "this text is in the
feminine accusative plural".
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">typedef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lexical_cluster</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> either </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">COMMON_NOUN</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> or </span><span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">PROPER_NOUN</span></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">unsigned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">registration_category</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">linguistic_stock_item</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">in_stock</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_COMPILATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_compilation_data</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_compilation</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> see </span><a href="../core-module/5-un.html" class="internal">Using Nametags (in core)</a><span class="comment-syntax"> on this</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_DISAMBIGUATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_resolution_data</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">name_resolution</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="comment-syntax"> see </span><a href="../core-module/7-hdn.html" class="internal">Headings (in core)</a><span class="comment-syntax"> on this</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLASS_DEFINITION</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">} </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>The structure noun is accessed in 2/adj, 2/art, 2/daq, 2/prn, 3/vrb, 3/prp and here.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4"></a><b>&#167;4. </b>A <a href="2-nns.html#SP4" class="internal">noun_usage</a> object is what a lexicon search returns when text is matched
against some form of a noun.
</p>
<p class="commentary">In many languages, declensions do not completely distinguish their cases.
In English, for example, the accusative and nominative form of almost every
noun are the same. So it would not be possible for this object to say for
sure what case was used &mdash; for example, the lexicon can't know that the
use of "Jane" in the sentences "Peter knows Jane" and "Jane knows Peter" has
a different case in those sentences: it's only looking at the word itself,
and can't know the wider context. Instead, when the lexicon parses "Jane",
it can return the following, which lists the nominative and accusative forms
as both being possible.
</p>
<p class="commentary">More inflected languages make for more interesting examples here. In German,
for example, "Tische" could be any of the nominative, accusative or genitive
plurals of "Tisch", table, but "Tischen" can only be the dative plural. Inform
does not at present make any real use of this capability, but the <a href="index.html" class="internal">linguistics</a>
module tries to leave the door open to better handling of e.g. German syntax
in future.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">typedef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">struct</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">language_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">no_possible_forms</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lcon_ti</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">possible_forms</span><span class="plain-syntax">[2*</span><span class="identifier-syntax">MAX_GRAMMATICAL_CASES</span><span class="plain-syntax">];</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CLASS_DEFINITION</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">} </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>The structure noun_usage is private to this section.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5"></a><b>&#167;5. </b>Nouns are a grammatical category:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">grammatical_category</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nouns_category</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::create_category</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::create_category</span></span>:<br/>Stock Control - <a href="1-sc.html#SP2">&#167;2</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nouns_category</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="1-sc.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Stock::new_category</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">I</span><span class="string-syntax">"noun"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">METHOD_ADD</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nouns_category</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">LOG_GRAMMATICAL_CATEGORY_MTID</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::log_item</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::log_item</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">grammatical_category</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">cat</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">data</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RETRIEVE_POINTER_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">data</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">COMMON_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"common: "</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"proper: "</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP9" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::log</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP6"></a><b>&#167;6. Creation. </b>The following functions are called to create new proper or common nouns, and
note that:
</p>
<ul class="items"><li>(i) It is legal for the supplied text to be empty, and this does happen
for example when Inform creates the nouns of anonymous objects, as in a
sentence such as "Four people are in the Dining Room." Empty text in <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">W</span></span> means
that no forms are added to the lexical cluster and nothing is registered with
the lexicon.
</li><li>(ii) The <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">options</span></span> are a bitmap which used to be larger, and is now reduced
to a combination of just two possibilities:
</li></ul>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">ADD_TO_LEXICON_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> register these forms with the lexicon</span>
<span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">WITH_PLURAL_FORMS_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> add plurals to the forms known</span>
</pre>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_proper_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">unsigned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL_GENERAL_POINTER</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_inner</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROPER_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_common_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">unsigned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_inner</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">COMMON_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP7"></a><b>&#167;7. </b>Note that
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_inner</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup2')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup2">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::new_inner</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP6">&#167;6</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">unsigned</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CREATE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">owner</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">registration_category</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">mc</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP10" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::supply_text</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SINGULAR_NUMBER</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_COMPILATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_COMPILATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">in_stock</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="1-sc.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Stock::new</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nouns_category</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_noun</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP8"></a><b>&#167;8. Subclass. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_proper</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROPER_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_common</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup3')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup3">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_common</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP14">&#167;14</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_subclass</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">COMMON_NOUN</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP9"></a><b>&#167;9. Logging. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::log</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup4')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup4">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::log</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP5">&#167;5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"&lt;untagged&gt;"</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">; }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::nonempty</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"'%W'"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP10"></a><b>&#167;10. Attaching some wording to a noun. </b>As noted above, each noun comes with a cluster of names, and here's where
we add a new one.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::supply_text</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup5')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup5">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::supply_text</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP7">&#167;7</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">number</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">linked_list</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">L</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::add</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">gender</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">number</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &amp; </span><span class="constant-syntax">WITH_PLURAL_FORMS_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax">)?</span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE:FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">options</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &amp; </span><span class="constant-syntax">ADD_TO_LEXICON_NTOPT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">individual_form</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_OVER_LINKED_LIST</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">individual_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">L</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-nns.html#SP10_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Register each distinct declined form of the noun</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">10.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP10_1"></a><b>&#167;10.1. </b>See the discussion of noun usages above. The idea is that if our form is,
say, the German plural form of "Tisch", then the declension of that would be
"Tische", "Tische", "Tischen", "Tische": we group these into two registrations,
"Tische" (with possible forms nominative, accusative, genitive) and "Tischen"
(just dative).
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Register each distinct declined form of the noun</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">10.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Declensions::no_cases</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">MAX_GRAMMATICAL_CASES</span><span class="plain-syntax">];</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">=0; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">++) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">=0; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">++) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">] == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CREATE</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_used</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">language_used</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">no_possible_forms</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Declensions::in_case</span><span class="plain-syntax">(&amp;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">declined</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">=0; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">c</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">++)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::match_cs</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Declensions::in_case</span><span class="plain-syntax">(&amp;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">declined</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">done</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">possible_forms</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">no_possible_forms</span><span class="plain-syntax">++] = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">in</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">declined</span><span class="plain-syntax">.</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lcon_cased</span><span class="plain-syntax">[</span><span class="identifier-syntax">j</span><span class="plain-syntax">];</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexicon::register</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">registration_category</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">STORE_POINTER_noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-nns.html#SP10">&#167;10</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP11"></a><b>&#167;11. Name access. </b>We normally access names in their nominative cases, so:
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup6')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup6">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP9">&#167;9</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">EMPTY_WORDING</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::get_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular_includes</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">vocabulary_entry</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wd</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP11" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_singular</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOOP_THROUGH_WORDING</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">wd</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexer::word</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">i</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural_flag</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::get_form</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural_flag</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::nominative_in_language</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural_flag</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::get_form_in_language</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">plural_flag</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::set_nominative_plural_in_language</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">wording</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NATURAL_LANGUAGE_WORDS_TYPE</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Clusters::set_plural_in_language</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">names</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">W</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">lang</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP12"></a><b>&#167;12. Meaning. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL_GENERAL_POINTER</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">N</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13"></a><b>&#167;13. Disambiguation. </b>Here the parse node <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">p</span></span> stands at the head of a list of alternative meanings
for some text: for example, they might be different possible meanings of the
words "red chair" &mdash; perhaps the "red stuffed chair", perhaps the "red upright
chair", and so on. We want to choose the most likely possibility.
</p>
<p class="commentary">Within Inform, this "likely" consideration is a matter of context &mdash; of which
heading the noun appears under.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::disambiguate</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">common_only</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-nns.html#SP13_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">If only one of the possible matches is eligible, return that</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">13.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="2-nns.html#SP13_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">If the matches can be scored, return the highest-scoring one</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">13.2</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and otherwise...</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13_1"></a><b>&#167;13.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">If only one of the possible matches is eligible, return that</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">13.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">candidates</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">for</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">next_alternative</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP14" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::from_excerpt_meaning</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::get_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p2</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="2-nns.html#SP14" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_eligible_match</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">common_only</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">candidates</span><span class="plain-syntax">++;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">candidates</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &lt;= </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">first_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-nns.html#SP13">&#167;13</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP13_2"></a><b>&#167;13.2. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">If the matches can be scored, return the highest-scoring one</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">13.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ifdef</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_DISAMBIGUATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">best_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NOUN_DISAMBIGUATION_LINGUISTICS_CALLBACK</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">p</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">common_only</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">best_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">best_nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> #</span><span class="identifier-syntax">endif</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="2-nns.html#SP13">&#167;13</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP14"></a><b>&#167;14. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_eligible_match</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup7')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup7">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_eligible_match</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP13_1">&#167;13.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">common_only</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">common_only</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><a href="2-nns.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::is_common</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nt</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TRUE</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">noun</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::from_excerpt_meaning</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup8')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup8">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::from_excerpt_meaning</span></span>:<br/><a href="2-nns.html#SP13_1">&#167;13.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">excerpt_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RETRIEVE_POINTER_noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexicon::get_data</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP15"></a><b>&#167;15. </b>The following function is so called because Inform registers many constant
values as nouns &mdash; for example, each rulebook name is a noun, and the meaning
of that is a valid rvalue in the compiler sense; it's a value which can be
computed with at run-time. Inform represents rvalues as sprigs of the parse
tree, so this function returns a //parse_node//.
</p>
<pre class="definitions code-font"><span class="definition-keyword">define</span> <span class="constant-syntax">PN_FROM_EM_LEXICON_CALLBACK</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="2-nns.html#SP15" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::extract_noun_as_rvalue</span></a>
</pre>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Nouns::extract_noun_as_rvalue</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">excerpt_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">general_pointer</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Lexicon::get_data</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VALID_POINTER_noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RETRIEVE_POINTER_noun_usage</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">nu</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">noun_used</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">VALID_POINTER_parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RETRIEVE_POINTER_parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">m</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">INVALID_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::copy</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">val</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">meaning_code</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Node::set_meaning</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">em</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">this_result</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
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