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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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<title>To Be and To Have</title>
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<!--Weave of 'To Be and To Have' generated by Inweb-->
<div class="breadcrumbs">
<ul class="crumbs"><li><a href="../index.html">Home</a></li><li><a href="../compiler.html">Inform7 Modules</a></li><li><a href="index.html">core</a></li><li><a href="index.html#9">Chapter 9: The A-Parser</a></li><li><b>To Be and To Have</b></li></ul></div>
<p class="purpose">To handle sentences with primary verb "to be" or "to have".</p>
<ul class="toc"><li><a href="9-tbath.html#SP1">&#167;1. Definitions</a></li></ul><hr class="tocbar">
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP1"></a><b>&#167;1. Definitions. </b></p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP2"></a><b>&#167;2. </b>"To Be and To Have" ought to be the name of an incomprehensible
book by Sartre which dismisses Heidegger's seminal "To Have and To Be",
or something like that, but instead it is the name of a section which contains
the most important sentence handler: the one for assertions.
</p>
<p class="commentary">This will turn out to be quite a lot of work, occupying four sections of
code in all. For etymological reasons, the English verb "to be" is a mixture
of several different verbs which have blurred together into one: consider "I
am 5", "I am happy" and "I am Chloe". Even the definition occupies some
12 columns of the "Oxford English Dictionary" and they make interesting
reading in clarifying the problem. Most computer programming languages
implement only <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">=</span></span> and <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">==</span></span>, which correspond to OED's meaning 10, "to exist
as the thing known by a certain name; to be identical with". But Inform
implements a much broader set of meanings. For example, its distinction
between spatial and property knowledge reflects the OED's distinction between
meanings 5a ("to have or occupy a place somewhere") and 9b ("to have a
place among the things distinguished by a specified quality") respectively.
</p>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP3"></a><b>&#167;3. </b>Here, and in the sections which follow, we conventionally write <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">px</span></span> and
<span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span> for the subtrees representing subject and object sides of the verb. Thus
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The white marble is in the bamboo box.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">will result in <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">px</span></span> representing "white marble" and <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span> "in the bamboo
box" (not just a leaf, since it will be a tree showing the containment
relationship as well as the noun).
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">sentence_handler</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ASSERT_SH_handler</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = { </span><span class="identifier-syntax">SENTENCE_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">ASSERT_VB</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">0</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax"> };</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::assertion</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::int_annotation</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">possessive_verb_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_have</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_be</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_be</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup1')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup1">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_be</span></span>:<br/><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4">&#167;4</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::length</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">)) &gt; </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Vocabulary::test_flags</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::first_wn</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">)), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">TEXT_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">+</span><span class="identifier-syntax">TEXTWITHSUBS_MC</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_TextNotClosing</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"it looks as if perhaps you did not intend that to read as a "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"single sentence"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"and possibly the text in quotes was supposed to stand as "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"as a sentence on its own? (The convention is that if text "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"ends in a full stop, exclamation or question mark, perhaps "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"with a close bracket or quotation mark involved as well, then "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"that punctuation mark also closes the sentence to which the "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"text belongs: but otherwise the words following the quoted "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"text are considered part of the same sentence.)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4"></a><b>&#167;4. </b>"To have" may seem as if it ought to be an entirely different verb from
"to be", but in fact they have heavily overlapping meanings, and we will
implement them with a great deal of common code. (English is unusual in the
way that "to be" has taken over some of the functions which "to have"
has in other languages &mdash; compare the French "j'ai fatigu\'e", literally
"I have tired" rather than "I am tired", which is arguably more logical
since it talks about the possession of a property.)
</p>
<p class="commentary">On traverse 1 we therefore alter the tree judiciously to convert any use of
"to have" into a use of "to be"; it follows that <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_have</span></span> can never be
called in traverse 2, when there are no uses of "to have" left in the tree.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_have</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup2')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup2">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_have</span></span>:<br/><a href="9-tbath.html#SP3">&#167;3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Reject two ungrammatical forms of "to have"</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">CALLED_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">)</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4_2" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Handle "X has an A called B"</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.2</span></a></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">k</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">kind</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">)))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4_3" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Handle "X has a V" where V is a kind of value which is also a property</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.3</span></a></span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="9-tbath.html#SP4_4" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Handle "X has P" where P is a list of properties</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.4</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::annotate_int</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">possessive_verb_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_be</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pv</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="comment-syntax"> and start again as if it had never been possessive</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_1"></a><b>&#167;4.1. </b><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Reject two ungrammatical forms of "to have"</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="constant-syntax">X_OF_Y_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_SuperfluousOf</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"the 'of' here appears superfluous"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"assuming the sentence aims to give a property value of something. "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"(For instance, if we want to declare the carrying capacity of "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"something, the normal Inform practice is to say 'The box has "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"carrying capacity 10' rather than 'The box has a carrying capacity "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"of 10'.)"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WITH_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_SuperfluousWith</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"the 'has ... with' here appears to be a mixture of two ways to "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"give something properties"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"that is, 'The box is a container with capacity 10.' and 'The box "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"has capacity 10.'"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="9-tbath.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_2"></a><b>&#167;4.2. </b>Here <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span> is a <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">CALLED_NT</span></span> subtree for "an A called B", which we relabel
as a <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">PROPERTYCALLED_NT</span></span> subtree and hang beneath an <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">ALLOWED_NT</span></span> node.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Handle "X has an A called B"</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.2</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::match</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_SuperfluousCalled</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"'called' should be used only when the name is different from the kind"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"so this sentence should be simplified. For example, 'A door has a "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"colour called colour' should be written more simply as 'A door has "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"a colour'; but 'called' can be used for something like 'A door has "</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"a number called the street number'."</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::set_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">PROPERTYCALLED_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">AND_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">L</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::left_edge_of</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">R</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::right_edge_of</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> &lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nounphrase</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">articled</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Wordings::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">L</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">R</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = &lt;&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">rp</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;&gt;;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"Thus $T"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="constant-syntax">ALLOWED_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">prohibited</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = &lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">prohibited</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="reserved-syntax">property</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">owners</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (!</span><span class="identifier-syntax">prohibited</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> &lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">nounphrase</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">articled</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">list</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">));</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = &lt;&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">rp</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;&gt;;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="9-tbath.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_3"></a><b>&#167;4.3. </b>More directly, here we simply relegate <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span> by hanging it from a new <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">ALLOWED_NT</span></span>
node. This is for something like
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A thing has a colour.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">where "colour" is the name of both a kind of value and (soon) a property.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Handle "X has a V" where V is a kind of value which is also a property</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.3</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::new</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="constant-syntax">ALLOWED_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="9-tbath.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP4_4"></a><b>&#167;4.4. </b>And here we just mark <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span> as a property list. Typically the sentence would
be "The player has carrying capacity 7."
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Handle "X has P" where P is a list of properties</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">4.4</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::set_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PROPERTY_LIST_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="9-tbath.html#SP4">&#167;4</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5"></a><b>&#167;5. </b>In either case, then, we end up going through <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">Assertions::Copular::to_be</span></span> and then to the
following routine, which asserts that subtree <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">px</span></span> "is" <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">py</span></span>.
</p>
<p class="commentary">During traverse 1, this takes place in a three-stage process:
</p>
<ul class="items"><li>(a) The two subtrees are each individually "refined", which clarifies the
meaning of the noun phrases used in them, and tidies up the tree (see
"Refine Parse Tree").
</li><li>(b) The Creator is invited to create new objects, variables and so on to
ensure that unrecognised noun phrases are made meaningful (see "The Creator").
</li><li>(c) In a "there is X" sentence, where <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">px</span></span> is a meaningless placeholder,
we cause X to be created, but otherwise do nothing; otherwise, we call
the massive <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">Assertions::Maker::make_assertion_recursive</span></span> routine (see "Make Assertions").
</li></ul>
<p class="commentary">In traverse 2, only (c) takes place; (a) and (b) are one-time events.
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_assertion</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup3')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup3">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_assertion</span></span>:<br/><a href="9-tbath.html#SP3">&#167;3</a><br/>Tables of Definitions - <a href="19-tod.html#SP6_3">&#167;6.3</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">traverse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">int</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pc</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">problem_count</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (!(&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">existential</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">np</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">))))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-rpt.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Refiner::refine</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">ALLOW_CREATION</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-rpt.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Refiner::refine</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">ALLOW_CREATION</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">problem_count</span><span class="plain-syntax"> &gt; </span><span class="identifier-syntax">pc</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><a href="9-tc.html#SP1" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Creator::consult_the_creator</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">FALSE</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">trace_sentences</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">LOG</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="string-syntax">"$T"</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (&lt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">s</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">existential</span><span class="plain-syntax">-</span><span class="identifier-syntax">np</span><span class="plain-syntax">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_text</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">traverse</span><span class="plain-syntax"> == </span><span class="constant-syntax">1</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> } </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span><span class="plain-syntax"> {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-ma.html#SP3" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Maker::make_assertion_recursive</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><a href="9-tbath.html#SP5_1" class="named-paragraph-link"><span class="named-paragraph">Change the discussion topic for subsequent sentences</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></a></span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP5_1"></a><b>&#167;5.1. </b>The slight asymmetry in what follows is partly pragmatic, partly the result
of subject-verb inversion ("in the bag is the ball" not "the ball is in the
bag"). We extract a subject from a relationship node on the left, but not on
the right, and we don't extract an object from one. Consider:
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A billiards table is in the Gazebo. On it is a trophy cup.</p>
</blockquote>
<p class="commentary">What does "it" mean, and why? A human reader goes for the billiards table at
once, because it seems more likely as a supporter than the Gazebo, but that's
not how Inform gets the same answer. It all hangs on "billiards table" being
the object of the first sentence, not the Gazebo; if we descended the RHS,
which is <span class="extract"><span class="extract-syntax">RELATIONSHIP_NT -&gt; PROPER_NOUN_NT</span></span> pointing to the Gazebo, that's the
conclusion we would have reached.
</p>
<p class="commentary"><span class="named-paragraph-container code-font"><span class="named-paragraph-defn">Change the discussion topic for subsequent sentences</span><span class="named-paragraph-number">5.1</span></span><span class="comment-syntax"> =</span>
</p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsx</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">, *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy_full</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsx</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::discussed_at_node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy_full</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP6" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::discussed_at_node</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) != </span><span class="identifier-syntax">KIND_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tfa.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Traverse::change_discussion_topic</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsx</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infsy_full</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">px</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">AND_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><a href="9-tfa.html#SP14" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Traverse::subject_of_discussion_a_list</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::int_annotation</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">current_sentence</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="constant-syntax">clears_pronouns_ANNOT</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tfa.html#SP13" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Traverse::new_discussion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">();</span>
</pre>
<ul class="endnotetexts"><li>This code is used in <a href="9-tbath.html#SP5">&#167;5</a>.</li></ul>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP6"></a><b>&#167;6. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::discussed_at_node</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup4')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup4">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::discussed_at_node</span></span>:<br/><a href="9-tbath.html#SP5_1">&#167;5.1</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">inference_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">) != </span><span class="identifier-syntax">KIND_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">RELATIONSHIP_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PROPER_NOUN_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WITH_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp; (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">) &amp;&amp;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">PROPER_NOUN_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax"> = </span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">pn</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">infs</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
<p class="commentary firstcommentary"><a id="SP7"></a><b>&#167;7. </b></p>
<pre class="displayed-code all-displayed-code code-font">
<span class="reserved-syntax">void</span><span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span><button class="popup" onclick="togglePopup('usagePopup5')"><span class="comment-syntax">?</span><span class="popuptext" id="usagePopup5">Usage of <span class="code-font"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span></span>:<br/><a href="9-tbath.html#SP5">&#167;5</a></span></button><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">parse_node</span><span class="plain-syntax"> *</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">WITH_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">); </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="identifier-syntax">AND_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tbath.html#SP7" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Copular::make_existential_assertion</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">down</span><span class="plain-syntax">-&gt;</span><span class="element-syntax">next</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">return</span><span class="plain-syntax">;</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_type</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">) == </span><span class="constant-syntax">COMMON_NOUN_NT</span><span class="plain-syntax">) {</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">if</span><span class="plain-syntax"> ((</span><a href="16-is.html#SP20" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::is_a_kind_of_object</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">))) ||</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> (</span><span class="identifier-syntax">Kinds::Compare::eq</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">K_object</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><a href="16-is.html#SP19" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">InferenceSubjects::as_kind</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">ParseTree::get_subject</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">)))))</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><a href="9-tc.html#SP8" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Assertions::Creator::convert_instance_to_nounphrase</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">py</span><span class="plain-syntax">, </span><span class="identifier-syntax">NULL</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="reserved-syntax">else</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="identifier-syntax">Problems::Issue::sentence_problem</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><a href="1-wtc.html#SP5" class="function-link"><span class="function-syntax">Task::syntax_tree</span></a><span class="plain-syntax">(), </span><span class="identifier-syntax">_p_</span><span class="plain-syntax">(</span><span class="identifier-syntax">PM_ThereIsVague</span><span class="plain-syntax">),</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"'there is...' can only be used to create objects"</span><span class="plain-syntax">,</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> </span><span class="string-syntax">"and not instances of other kinds.'"</span><span class="plain-syntax">);</span>
<span class="plain-syntax"> }</span>
<span class="plain-syntax">}</span>
</pre>
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